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Chem QIV
Quarter IV New Material
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| a brown waxlike substance composed of fatty acids and calcium soaps, formed in tissues that have been buried in a moist place | adipocere |
| conversion of fat into soap or a waxy substance | saponification |
| macromolecules of the body, building blocks for cellular material and tissues for all living things | proteins |
| building blocks of proteins | amino acids |
| proteins are what state at body temperature (solid, liquid, or gas?) | liquid |
| def: absorbs moisture readily | hygroscopic |
| def: the act of a tissue absorbing moisture from surrounding tissues to maintain its liquid state | imbibition |
| what body macromolecule is naturally hygroscopic? | proteins |
| body macromolecule considered to be the body's natural humectant | proteins |
| def: consisting of both acid and base parts | amphoteric |
| which body macromolecule is considered amphoteric? | proteins |
| the self-digestion that occurs in tissues or cells by enzymes in the cells themselves | autolysis |
| after death, the pH of the body goes from ____ to _____ | alkaline to acidic |
| the process of chemically treating the dead human body to reduce the presence and growth of microorganisms, to retard decomposition, and restore an acceptable physical appearance | embalming |
| four major types of preservatives used in embalming fluids | aldehydes, alcohols, phenols, formaldehyde donor compounds |
| the five common actions of preservatives | 1) inactivate the chemical groups of proteins or amino acids, 2) inactivate enzymes, 3) inhibit further decomp, 4) kill microorganisms, 5) destroy/mask odors |
| the most widely used preservative chemical found in embalming fluids | formaldehyde |
| the main chemical action of formaldehyde in embalming is the _____ of protein | coagulation |
| coagulation of proteins is accomplished by a cross-linking of the _____ bonds between _____ proteins | peptide bonds of adjacent proteins |
| the cross-linking action of the peptide bonds in accomplished by a ______ bridge | methylene bridge |
| formaldehyde is destroyed in strong ______ | bases |
| the neutralization product of formaldehyde and ammonia (two names) | urotropin, hexamine |
| an aqueous solution of formaldehyde | formalin |
| formalin is _____ % formaldehyde by weight and _____ % by volume | 37% by weight, 40% by volume |
| that amount of formaldehyde necessary to overcome any nitrogen residue and cause the body proteins to become coagulated/the total amount of formaldehyde with which protein will combine to be completely preserved | formaldehyde demand |
| three general examples of modifying agents | buffers, humectants, inorganic salts |
| four other names for anticoagulants | water conditioners, water softeners, sequestering agents, chelating agents |
| four other names for surfactants | wetting agents, surface tension reducers, penetrating agents, surface active agents |
| another name for dyes | coloring agents |
| three other names for perfuming agents | masking agents, reodorants, deodorants |
| two other names for vehicles | solvents, carriers |
| germicide used for the disinfection of skin, oral and nasal cavities, and instruments, also widely used in cavity fluids | quaternary ammonium compounds |
| disadvantage to this germicide is that it is easily neutralized by soaps and anionic substances found in arterial fluids | quaternary ammonium compounds |
| three names for a common germicidal QUAT | benzalkonium chloride, zephiran, roccal |
| best germicide of the aldehydes, cold chemical sterilant | glutaraldehyde |
| these agents control the rate of action of the main preservative chemicals of embalming formulations | modifying agents |
| agents that help control tissue moisture, have a coating action | humectants |
| glycol is an example of a | humectant |
| glycerol is an example of a | humectant |
| sorbitol in an example of a | humectant |
| water-soluble lanolin compounds are examples of | humectants |
| cosmetic oils are examples of | humectants |
| agents that serve to control the acid-base balance of fluid and tissues | buffers |
| borax and borates are examples of | buffers |
| disodium phosphate is an example of | buffer |
| sodium bicarbonate is an example of | buffer |
| salts of EDTA are examples of | buffers |
| agents that help control the osmotic qualities of the embalming solution, help to draw fluid from the capillaries into the tissue spaces during embalming | inorganic salts |
| agents used to maintain blood in a liquid state and thereby make it easy to remove from the circulatory system | anticoagulants |
| EDTA is an example of | anticoagulant |
| citrates are examples of | anticoagulants |
| oxalates are examples of | anticoagulants |
| magnesium sulfate and sodium sulfate are examples of | anticoagulants |
| sodium chloride is an example of | anticoagulant |
| sodium phosphates are examples of | anticoagulants |
| agents that reduce surface tension of a liquid, increase diffusion of arterial solution into tissues, increase penetration of arterial solution into tissues | surfactants |
| sodium lauryl sulfate is an example of | surfactant |
| soaps are examples of | surfactants |
| salts of thioalcohols are examples of | surfactants |
| agents employed for the purpose of producing an internal cosmetic effect that closely simulates the natural coloring of tissues | dyes |
| yellowish orange dye that stains the tissue | eosin |
| cherry red dye that stains the tissue | erythrosine |
| non-staining dye (inactive dye) that colors fluid rather than tissues | ponceau red |
| yellow dye that stains the tissue | icterin |
| agents which cover up the harsh odors of the preservatives and disinfectants found in embalming fluids and impart a pleasant odor to a solution | perfuming agents |
| benzaldehyde is an example of | perfuming agent |
| oil of wintergreen is an example of | perfuming agent |
| oil of wintergreen is also called | methyl salicylate |
| oil of cloves is an example of | perfuming agent |
| oil of sassafras is an example of | perfuming agent |
| cinnamaldehyde is an example of | perfuming agent |
| fruits are examples of | perfuming agents |
| mints are examples of | perfuming agents |
| floral compounds are examples of | perfuming agents |
| the agent which carries the embalming agent to the tissues and improves distribution and diffusion | vehicle |
| the main vehicle for arterial fluids | water |
| contain a higher concentration of disinfectants and preservatives, cav or arterial? | cavity |
| generally do not contain dyes, reodorants, humectants, or buffers, cav or arterial? | cavity |
| pH of a cavity fluid | 4.5 to 5.2 |
| agents which prepare the vascular system for the injection of preservatives and disinfectants | preinjection fluids |
| these contain water-conditioning agents, surfactants, humectants, ad low concentration of preservatives | preinjection fluids |
| agents mixed with arterial fluids so they are injected concurrently | coinjection fluid |
| two main components of restorative fluid | humectants and dyes |
| three fluids used to embalm jaundice cases | 1) masking fluids, 2) bleaching agents, 3) nonformaldehyde fluids |
| fluid with medium concentration of formaldehyde and cosmetic dyes (used for jaundice cases) | masking fluids |
| fluid with medium concentration of formaldehyde and bleaching effect on bilirubin | bleaching agents |
| for advanced decomp, use a ____ index fluid and introduce ____ to increase the solubility of formaldehyde | high index fluid, introduce ethanol |
| never use a preinjection in a ____ case | edema |
| three purposes of autopsy hardening compounds | dehydration, preservation, disinfection |
| paraformaldehyde is an example of | autopsy chemical |
| aluminum chloride is an example of | autopsy chemical |
| alum (aluminum sulfate) is an example of | autopsy chemical |
| perlite and cellulose are examples of | autopsy chemicals |
| plaster of paris is an example of | autopsy chemical |
| four factors influencing the shelf-life of formaldehyde | 1) temperature, 2) time, 3) pH, 4) light |
| increases temperature may convert HCHO into | formic acid |
| decreased temperature may _____ HCHO | polymerize |
| what is the average shelf-life of HCHO fluids | 2-5 years |
| these type of pH solutions promote decomposition of formaldehyde | alkaline (basic) |
| these type of pH solutions promote polymerization of formaldehyde | acidic |
| the final post mortem change | decomposition |
| a chemical reaction in which a substance is broken down or dissociated by water | hydrolysis |
| decomposition of proteins by the action of enzymes and anaerobic bacteria | putrefaction |
| four poisonous amines which are products of putrefaction | cadaverine, putrescine, indole, skatole |
| the gradual decomposition of dead organic matter by enzymes of aerobic bacteria | decay |
| bacterial decomposition of carbohydrates | fermentation |
| decomposition of fats | lipolysis |
| decomposition of sugars | saccharolysis |
| that amount of the poison which will cause death to the organism to which it is administered | lethal dose |
| a lethal dose that kills 50% of the organisms that receive the dose | LD50 |
| the minimal amount of poison that will kill all the organisms that receive the dose | MLD |
| the level of HCHO gas present in air averaged over an 8 hour time period | TWA |
| permissible exposure limit for HCHO (acronym and level) over an 8 hour TWA | PEL, .75ppm |
| short term exposure limit HCHO exposure over 15 minutes (acronym and level) | STEL, 2ppm |
| action level for HCHO as a TWA | .5ppm |
Created by:
amyziolkowski
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