Ch 11 Sec 3-5
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| In a 2 factor cross, Mendel follwed ______ dif. genes as they passed from one generation to the next. | two
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| T/F The genotypes of the F1 offspring indicated to Mendel that genes assort independently. | false
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| How did Mendel produce the F2 offspring? | Crossed 2 F1 plants w/ eachother
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| What did Mendel observe in the F2 osffspring that showed him that the alleles for seed shape segregate independently of those for seed color? | 209 of the seeds had combinations of phenotypes and a combination of alleles found in neither parent
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| What was the ratio of Mendel's F2 generation for the 2factor cross? | 9 3 3 1
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| Mendel's principle of independent assortment. | Genes for dif. traits can segragate independently during the formation of gametes
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| T/F The inheritance of biological characteristics is determined by genes that are passed from parents to their offspring in organisms that reproduce sexually. | True
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| T/F 2 or more forms of the gene for a single trait can never exist. | false
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| T/F the copies of genes are segregated from each other when gametes are formed. | true
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| T/F the alleles for dif. genes usually segregate independently of one another. | true
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| When 2 or more forms of the gene for a single trait exist, some forms of the gene may be ______ and others may be _______. | dominant/recessive
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| T/F All genes show simple patterns of dominant and recessive alleles. | false
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| What is incomplete dominance? | One allele is not completely dominant over another. The heterozygous phenotype is somewhere in between the 2 homozygous phenotypes (red flower +white=pink)
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| What is codominance? | Both alleles contribute to the phenotype of the organism.
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| What is multiple alleles? | genes have 2 or more alleles (rabbit fur color)
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| What is polygenic traits? | 2 or more genes control a trait (skin color and eye color)
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| 3 criteria Thomas Hunt Morgan was looking for in a model organism for genetic studies | small, easy to keep in a laboratory, able to produce large numbers of offspring in a short period of time
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| T/F Mendel's principles apply not just to pea plants but to other organisms as well. | true
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| In humans, the dominant allele for skin pigmentation produces skin coloration. Homozygous recessive individuals have ______; they lack melanin. | albinism
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| 2 things that Mendels' principles of genetics req. in order to be true. | org. must inherit single copy of every gene from both parents, when an org. produces its own gametes, those 2 sets of genes must be separated from eachother so each gamete contains 1 set of genes
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| What does it mean when 2 sets of chromosomes are homologous? | each of 4 chromosomes that came from the male parent has a corresponding chromosome from the female parent
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| How can you describe a diploid cell? | 2N, contains 2 sets of homologous chromosomes
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| Why is meiosis described as a process fo reduction division? | # of chromosomes per cell is cut in 1/2 through the separation of homologous chromosmes in a diploid cell
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| 2 distinct stages of meiosis? | meiosis I and meiosis II
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| T/F the diploid cell that enters meiosis becomes 4 haploid cells at the end of meiosis. | true
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| How does a tetrad form in prophase I of meiosis? | each chromosome pairs w/ its corresponding homologous chromosome
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| # Chromatids in tetrad? | 4
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| What results from the process of crossingover during prophase I? | the exchange of alleles between homologous chromosomes and produces new combinations of alleles
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| T/F During meiosis I, homologous chromosomes separate. | true
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| T/F the 2 daughter cells produced by meiosis I still have the 2 complete sets of chromosomes as a diploid cell does | false
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| T/F During anaphase II, the paired chromatids separate. | true
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| T/F after meiosis II the 4 daughter cells contain the diploid # of chromosomes | false
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| What are haploid gametes produced in males? | sperm
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| What are haploid gametes produced in females? | eggs
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| What are cells produced in females that do not participate in reproduction? | polar bodies
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| T/F Mitosis produces 4 genetically dif. haploid cells | false
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| T/F Meiosis produces 2 genetically identical diploid cells. | false
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| T/F Mitosis begins w/ a diploid cell. | true
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| T/F Meiosis begins w/ a diploid cell. | true
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| T/F Thomas Hunt Morgan discovered that some genes violated the principle of independent assortment. | true
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| Morgan grouped the Drosophila genes that were inherited together into 4 ______ groups. | linkage
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| 2 Conclusions Morgan made about genes and chromosomes | Each chromosome is actually a group of linked genes, Mendel's principle of independent assortment still holds true
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| Why didn't Mendel observe gene linkage? | 6/7 genes he studied are on dif. chromosomes. the 2 genes that are on the same chromosome are so far apart that they also assort independently.
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| Why 2 genes found on same chromosome not always linked together? | crossing over during meiosis sometimes separates genes that had been on the same chromosome onto homologous chromosomes. crossover events occasionally separate and exchange linked genes and produce new combinations of alleles.
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| The new combinations of alleles produced by crossover events help to generate genetic ______ | diversity
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| T/F genes that are closer together are more likely to be seaparated by a crossover event in meiosis. | false
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| What is a gene map? | a map that shows the relative locations of each known gene on one of the chromosomes
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| How is a gene map constructed? | by using sturtvant's method of using recombination rates, which measure the frequencies of crossing over between genes
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