Lippert ch.13 - Hand grips pg. 189-192
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| prehension | grasp, a function that enables the hand to hold or manipulate objects (2 types: power & precision)
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| functional position of the hand | wrist slightly extended, MCP & PIP joints slightly flexed, thumb in opposition {most effective for strength & precision}
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| power grip | used for holding objects forcefully while being moved by more proximal joint muscles (often isometric)
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| precision grip | aka: prehensile precision, used when object manipulation requires finer movement
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| examples of power grips | holding a hammer or doorknob
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| examples of precision grips | holding a pen or threading a needle
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| cylindrical grip | all fingers flexed around the object, thumb wrapped around the object in opposite direction
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| examples of cylindrical grip | holding hammer, racquet, or wheelbarrow handle, golf club, or screwdriver
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| spherical grip | all fingers and thumb abducted around the object, fingers spread apart
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| examples of spherical grip | holding an apple or doorknob, or picking up a glass by its top
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| hook grip | 2nd through 5th fingers flexed around object in hook like manner, thumb not usually involved (MCP extended, PIP & DIP joints flexed)
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| examples of a hook grip | holding the handle of a suitcase, bucket, or wagon
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| pad-to-pad grip | MCP & PIP finger joints are flexed, thumb abducted and opposed, distal joints of both are extended
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| pinch grip | a pad-to-pad grip that involves the thumb and 1 finger (usually index)
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| three-jaw-chuck | a pad-to-pad grip that involves the thumb and 2 fingers (usually index & middle)
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| example of pinch grip | holding up a coin to look at 1 side
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| example of a 3-jaw-chuck grip | holding a pen or pencil
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| tip-to-tip grip | aka: pincer grip, tip of thumb is up against the tip of another digit
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| example of tip-to-tip grip | picking up small objects such as a coin or a pin
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| pad-to-side grip | aka: lateral prehension, pad of extended thumb presses an object against the radial side of the index finger (does not require opposed thumb, just thumb adduction)
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| example of pad-to-side grip | turning a key
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| side-to-side grip | requires adduction of 2 fingers, thumb is not involved, week grip with little precision
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| example of side-to-side grip | holding a cigarette or holding a pencil that is not in use
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| lumbrical grip | aka. plate grip; MCP flexed, PIP & DIP joints extended, thumb opposes the fingers to hold the object horizontally
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| example of lumbrical grip | holding a plate or tray hoizontal
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