Martin's Notes
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| Metanephros | Term for permanent kidney
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| ureteric bud | The _______________ gives rise to the ureter, renal pelvis, calyces, and collecting tubules.
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| Metanephric diverticulum or ureteric bud, Metanephric mesoderm | Permanent kidneys develop from two different sources:
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| 11 | Kidneys complete migration occurs by the ____ wk of gestation.
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| 2-4 | 25% of adult kidneys contain _____ renal arteries.
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| 12-13 | 99% of kidneys are visible by _____ wk
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| 1-2 | Normal ureteral size: ____ mm
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| 12-13 | Bladder visible transvaginally by ____ wk
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| Pyelectasis | Dilation of only the renal pelvis
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| 4, 5 | Dilation of the renal pelvis is considered abnormal if equal to or greater than ____ or ____ mm in 2nd trimester.
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| 7-10 | Dilation of the renal pelvis is considered abnormal if equal to or greater than ______ mm in 3rd trimester.
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| Hydroureters | Abnormal ureters
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| Vertebral Anomalies | V in VATER
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| Anal Atresia | A in VATER
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| Trachoesophageal fistula | T in VATER
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| Radial defects & renal anomalies | R in VATER
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| 30, 3 | If renal abnormality exists with additional malformations, the increased risk for chromosomal abnormalities is times ____ for multiple and ____ for isolated.
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| 1:4000 | Bilateral Renal Agenesis (BRA) occurs in _____ births.
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| 2.5:1 | BRA has a M to F ratio of ______
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| Polyhydramnios (correct would be oligo) | Which is NOT associated with BRA? Pulmonary hypoplasia, polyhydramnios, facial abnormalities, limb deformities?
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| Lying-down adrenal | This appearance of the adrenal glands is seen in BRA.
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| 1:1000 | Unilateral Renal Agenesis occurs in ______ births.
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| Unilateral Renal Agenesis | Sono findings of a normal AFV, normal bladder, and compensatory hypertrophy occur in which congenital malformation?
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| Unilateral Renal Agenesis | This congenital malformation may be associated with SUA, genital, cardiac, skeletal, and GI abnormalities.
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| Bilateral Renal Agenesis | This congenital malformation displays severe oligo, facial anomalies, and absent renal arteries sonographically.
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| Renal Ectopia | Pelvic kidney
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| Crossed Renal Ectopia | Enlarged, bilobed kidney
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| Horseshoe kidney | Most common fusion anomaly of the kidney
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| 1:400-500 | Horseshoe kidney occurs in ________ births.
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| Horseshoe kidney | This congenital malformation is associated with urogenital & CNS anomalies, Turner's, and T18
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| 2 | MCDK: Potter Type ____
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| Multicystic Renal Dysplasia | MCDK aka Potter Type 2 aka ________________
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| MCDK | Most common form of renal cystic disease in childhood
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| MCDK | ONE of the most common abdominal masses in the neonate
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| 13-26 | Unilateral MCDK is associated with contralateral renal abnormalities in _________%
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| 19-24 | Bilateral MCDK has a lethal rate of ________%
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| Bilateral | US findings of MCDK: severe oligo if unilateral or bilateral?
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| 1 | ARPKD aka Potter Type ____
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| liver | ARPKD involves both the kidneys and the _______
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| Perinatal, Juvenile | Two types of ARPKD are ________ and _________
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| Pulmonary hypoplasia | Perinatal ARPKD results in early death due to what?
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| 1-5 | Juvenile ARPKD appears @ _______ yrs of age
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| Numerous tiny cysts | Sono appearance of ARPKD has increased renal echogenicity due to what?
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| Oligo | ARPKD: Polyhydramnios or Oligo?
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| Infantile | ARPKD aka Potter Type 1 aka _________
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| 3 | ADPKD aka Potter Type ___
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| Adult | ADPKD aka Potter Type 3 aka _________
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| ADPKD | Most common hereditary renal cystic disease
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| ADPKD | This renal cystic disease has a sonographically "normal" kidney appearance.
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| Family history | What is critical in the diagnosis of ADPKD?
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| Meckel-Gruber Syndrome | Lethal autosomal recessive disorder usually detected by sonography at 11-14 weeks.
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| Cystic dysplastic kidneys, Occipital encephalocele, Polydactyly | Meckel-Gruber syndrome classic triad?
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| 13, 18 | Meckel-Gruber associated with Trisomy ____ and Trisomy ____
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| Mesoblastic nephroma | Most common renal tumor in a newborn
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| Leiomyomatous hamartoma, hamartoma | Mesoblastic nephroma is also known as "_________ _________" or "fetal renal _________"
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| Benign | Mesoblastic nephroma is benign or malignant?
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| Pyramid | Adrenals are ______ shaped early
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| hemorrhage | Abnormalities of the adrenals include _______, cyst, hypertrophy, and tumor (neuroblastoma).
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| Adrenal Neuroblastoma | Most common abdominal malignancy in neonates
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| Hydronephrosis | Dilation of renal pelvis and calyces
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| Hydronephrosis | This occurs in response to a blockage of urine at some junction in the urinary system
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| aneuploidy & postnatal uropathy | Detection of fetal pyelectasis is important in consideration of __________ & __________
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| 4 or 5 | Renal pelvis diameter (RPD) is considered dilated when =/> ______ mm in 2nd trimester
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| 7-10 | Renal pelvis diameter (RPD) is considered dilated when ______ mm in 3rd trimester
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| Grade 0 | Which grade of Hydronephrosis? Intact central renal complex
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| Grade 1 | Which grade of Hydronephrosis? Only dilated renal pelvis; there is some fluid in the renal pelvis.
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| Grade 2 | Which grade of Hydronephrosis? Dilated renal pelvis and a few calices are visible.
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| Grade 3 | Which grade of Hydronephrosis? All calices are dilated.
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| Grade 4 | Which grade of Hydronephrosis? Further dilation of renal pelvis and calices, with thin renal parenchyma.
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| Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction (UPJ) | Results from an obstruction at the junction of the renal pelvis and the ureter
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| Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction (UPJ) | Most common location for renal obstruction
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| Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction (UPJ) | Most common cause of fetal hydro
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| Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction (UPJ) | More common in males and often unilateral
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| Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction (UPJ) | Most cases of ________ are FUNCTIONAL (caused by muscular abnormality)
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| adhesions | Other causes of UPJ are abnormal bends/kinks in ureter, abnormal valves in the ureter, and __________.
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| oligohydramnios | If UPJ or UVJ are bilateral, possible ________ results
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| Vesicoureteral Junction Obstruction (UVJ) | Results from an obstruction of ureter at level of bladder
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| Vesicoureteral Junction Obstruction (UVJ) | This condition results from duplication of ureters, UVJ stenosis, or congenital megaloureter.
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| Vesicoureteral Junction Obstruction (UVJ) | Sonographic findings of this can include a tortuous ureter and if unilateral, normal fluid and bladder.
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| Posterior Uretheral Valves (PUV) | Congenital folds of the urethra act as valves and obstruct urinary outflow
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| Posterior Uretheral Valves (PUV) | Results in hydronephrosis, hydroureters, or dilation of the bladder and prox urethra.
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| Posterior Uretheral Valves (PUV) | This occurs in Males ONLY
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| Posterior Uretheral Valves (PUV) | Keyhole appearance is associated with:
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| Keyhold appearance | Dilated bladder & proximal urethra in PUV has this appearance
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| Urethral Atresia | Most severe form of obstructive uropathy
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| Urethral Atresia | Sonographic findings of this after 1st trimester include a markedly distended bladder and anhydramnios.
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| Cloaca | Cavity lined with endoderm at the posterior end of the body serving as a common passageway for urinary, digestive, and reproductive ducts.
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| Cloacal Malformation | Failure of urorectal septum to reach perineum
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| Cloacal Malformation | Affects females 1:50,000
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| Cloacal Malformation | Sonographic findings of this include: normal or decreased fluid, normal, distended, or non-visualized bladder, ascites, hydronephrosis, ambiguous genitalia, and vertebral anomalies.
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| Ambiguous genitalia (this is cloacal malformation) | Which is not included in the Prune belly syndrome triad: Absent abdominal musculature, Ambiguous genitalia, Undescended testes, Urinary tract anomalies
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| Prune Belly Syndrome | At birth, decompression of hydronephrosis causes wrinkling of anterior abdominal wall skin. What condition?
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| prostatic, tortuous | Songraphic findings of Prune belly syndrome are: Oligohydramnios, Hydronephrosis, Massively distended bladder, Undescended testes, dilated _______ urethra, ________ dilated ureters, normal/hydro/dysplastic kidneys.
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| Vesicoamniotic shunting | This is the shunt placement to relieve severe lower urinary tract obstruction and improving chance of survival
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| lungs | Vesicoamniotic shunting drains urine into amniotic fluid, allowing the _______ to develop & prevent/stablize renal dysplastic change.
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| Bladder Exstrophy | Caused by an incomplete median closure of the inferior portion of the anterior abdominal wall and anterior wall of the urinary bladder
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| Bladder Exstrophy | Predominantly in males; exposure & protrusion of posterior wall of bladder
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| Bladder Exstrophy | Associated with separation of pubic bones
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| Bladder Exstrophy | Rarely, this occurs with OEIS complex.
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| Imperforate anus | OEIS complex: Omphalocele, Exstrophy of bladder, _____________ & Spinal defects
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| Bladder Exstrophy | Sonographic findings of this include a low umbilical cord insertion site and small penis.
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| 12th | By the ____ week of gestation the external genital organs are fully differentiated.
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| History of trisomal disorders (correct is x-linked disorders) | All are medical implications for documentation of gender EXCEPT: History of trisomal disorders, Assignment of dizygosity in twins pregnancy, to diagnose structural abnormalities, familial syndrome
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| Hypospadias | Defined as: Incomplete fusion of the urogenital folds may cause abnormal openings of the urethra
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| Hydrocele | Defined as: Accumulation of serous fluid surrounding the testicle
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| Micropenis | Small penis
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| Cryptorchidism | Undescended Testes aka:
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| 32 | Undescended testes: after _____ weeks, both are descended in 97%
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| clitoris | Abnormal genitalia in females: enlarged ________
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| Hydrometrocolpos | Defined as: Collection of fluid in the vagina and uterus
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| Hydrometrocolpos | Appears as ovoid, cystic or complex mass posterior to the bladder. May cause hydronephrosis or hydroureter.
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| Ovarian cyst | Results from maternal stimulation and is usually benign.
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| adjacent | Ovarian cysts are __________ to bladder
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