Environmental Systems
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| Environmental System | A set of interacting components connected in such a way that a change in one part affects other parts of the system.
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| Matter | anything that occupies space and has mass
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| Mass | measures the amount of matter in an object
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| Atom | smallest particle that has the chemical and physical properties of an element
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| Element | a substance made of one type of atom
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| Molecules | particles that contain more than one atom bonded to each other; the smallest particle of a compound
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| Compound | substance with molecules that have atoms bonded to each other
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| Atomic Number | the number of protons in an element
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| Protons | positive, subatomic particle found in nucleus
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| Electrons | negative, subatomic particle found in orbitals around the nucleus
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| Neutrons | neutral, subatomic particles found in nucleus
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| Orbitals | probable location of an electron; different orbitals have different amounts of energy, shapes, and volume
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| Mass Number | number of protons plus neutrons
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| Isotopes | atoms of the same element with a different mass number because the number of neutrons is different
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| Radioactive Decay | a spontaneous release of radiation from the nucleus
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| Parent Nuclide | the unstable atom before radioactive decay
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| Daughter Nuclide | the atom after radioactive decay
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| Half-life | the time it takes for half of the parent nuclides to decay into daughter nuclides
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| Carbon-dating | a method used to date artifacts by comparing the ratio of carbon-12 to carbon-14
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| Chemical bond | the attraction between two atoms due to the sharing or transfer of electrons
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| Covalent bond | a chemical bond created when two atoms share a pair of electrons
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| Ionic bond | a chemical bond created when one atom transfers and electron to another atom; this creates two ions with opposite charges that are attracted to each other
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| Hydrogen bond | the hydrogen atom in a polar covalent bond is attracted to a lone pair of electrons on an atom in a different molecule
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| Polar Molecule | a molecule with one side that is more positive and the other side is more negative; these are partial charges
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| Cohesion | water molecules are attracted to each other because of hydrogen bonds
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| Adhesion | water molecules are attracted to solids because of hydrogen bonds
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| Surface Tension | a ‘skin’ on the surface of water because of cohesion
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| Capillary Action | the movement of water through thin tubes due to the adhesive force being greater than the cohesive force
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| Solvent | a substance that can dissolve another substance; water is a good solvent
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| Acids | a substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution
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| Bases | a substance that increases the hydroxide ion concentration in a solution
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| Nitric Acid formula | HNO3
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| Sulfuric Acid formula | H2SO4
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| pH | measures the strength of an acid or base
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| Chemical Reaction | atoms in one molecule separate and recombine with atoms in a different molecule to form a new substance
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| Law of Conservation of Matter | matter cannot be created nor destroyed during a chemical reaction
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| Inorganic Compounds | compounds that don’t have carbon or don’t have carbon bonded to hydrogen
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| Organic Compounds | found in life and have carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds
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| Macromolecules | large organic compounds found in life: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids
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| Carbohydrate | compounds that have carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. They store a lot of energy.
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| Glucose formula | C6H12O6
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| Monosaccharide | simple sugar like glucose
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| Polysaccharide | chains of simple sugars such as starches
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| Cellulose | a polysaccharide found in plants; used for making ethanol
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| Protein | long chains of amino acids
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| Enzymes | proteins that help control the rates of chemical reactions
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| Nucleic Acids | organic compounds found in all living cells; building blocks for DNA and RNA
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| DNA | DeoxyriboNucleic Acid; genetic material that has the codes for making proteins needed by the organism and which passes traits onto the next generation
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| RNA | RiboNucleic Acid; genetic material that translates the code in DNA into the manufacturing of proteins
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| Lipids | include fats, waxes, and steroids; part of cell membranes
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| Cells | the smallest structural and functional component of an organism
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| Organelles | structures inside a cell with specific functions like storage, protein-synthesis
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| Unicellular | single-celled organisms
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| Multicellular | organisms made of many cells
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| Energy | the ability to do work or transfer heat
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| Electromagnetic Radiation | a form of energy in the form of wave-particles; includes visible light, UV
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| Photon | a packet of electromagnetic radiation; a packet of energy
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| Joule (J) | the amount of energy used when a 1-watt light bulb is turned on for 1 second; unit is watt/sec
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| calorie (with a lower-case c) | amount of energy it takes to heat 1 gram of water 1 oC
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| Joule-calorie Conversion | 1 calorie equals 4.184 J
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| Calorie (with a capital c) | 1000 calories or 1 kcal
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| Btu | British Thermal Units; amount of energy it takes to heat 1 pound of water 1 oF
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| Btu-Joule Conversion | 1Btu equals 1,055 Joules
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| watts | W; a unit of power
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| kW | kilowatts; 1000 watts; a unit of power
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| kWh | kilowatt-hour; amount of energy expended by using 1 kilowatt for 1 hour
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| kWh-Joule Conversion | 1kWh equals 3,600,000 Joules
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| Power | the rate at which work is done; energy/time
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| Potential Energy | stored energy that is available to do work
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| Kinetic Energy | the energy of motion
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| Chemical Energy | potential energy stored in chemical bonds
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| Temperature | measures the average kinetic energy in a substance
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| First Law of Thermodynamics | energy is neither created nor destroyed
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| Second Law of Thermodynamics | When energy is transformed, the quantity of energy remains the same but some of it is lost to unusable heat energy. The amount of entropy increases.
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| Energy Efficiency | the ratio of the amount of work that is done to the total amount of energy that is introduced into the system in the first place
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| Energy Quality | the ease with which an energy source can be used for work
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| Entropy | the amount of randomness in a system; entropy is always increasing in the universe
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| Open System | the exchanges of matter or energy happen across system boundaries
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| Closed System | matter and energy exchanges do not happen across system boundaries
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| Inputs | additions to a given system
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| Outputs | losses from a given system
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| Systems Analysis | an analysis of the inputs, outputs and changes to a system
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| Steady State | inputs equal outputs in a system; the system does not change over time
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| Feedback | in a cyclical process, the results of the process affect the rate of the process
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| Negative feedback loop | the results of the process cause the rate of the process to decrease; it does not imply being ‘bad’
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| Positive feedback loop | the results of the process cause the rate of the process to increase; it does not imply being ‘good’
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| Adaptive Management Plan | a flexible plan that changes to accommodate future changes
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