gait terms and statistics
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| Pelvic rotation | the pelvis moves forward and backward (transverse pelvic rotation)
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| Pelvic forward rotation occurs | on the side of the unsupported or swing extremity; mean rotation is ~4 degrees
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| Pelvic backward rotation occurs | on the weight-bearing or stance leg. ~4 degrees for a total of 8 degrees
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| Pelvic up and down motion | or lateral tilt occurs on the unsupported or swing side ~5 degrees; controlled by hip abductor muscles.
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| Lateral pelvic tilt high point | midstance
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| Lateral pelvic tilt low point | period of double support
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| Pelvis moves side to side | ~4 cm, follows the stance or support limb
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| Cadence | the number of steps taken per unit of time. Mean cadence is 113 steps/minute
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| Increased cadence | shorter step length and decrease duration of period of double support.
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| Running occurs when | the period of double support disappears, typically at a cadence of 180 steps/minute.
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| Step length | the linear distance between point of foot contact (heel strike) of one extremity to the point of heel strike of the opposite extremity
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| Step time | the number of seconds that elapse during one step.
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| Step width | the distance between feet (base of support); measured from one heel to the same point on the opposite heel
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| Normal step width ranges | from 2.54cm to 12.7 cm (1-5 inches)
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| Stride length | the linear distance between two consecutive contact points of the same extremity.
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| Stride time | the number of seconds that elapse during one stride (one complete gait cycle)
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| Velocity | (walking speed) the rate of motion in any direction, the distance is divided by the time.
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| Average walking speed | 82 m/min (~3 mi/hour)
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| Average oxygen rate for comfortable walking | 12 mL/kg/min
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| Metabolic cost of walking averages | 5.5 kcal/min on level surfaces; energy cost may vary widely depending on speed of walking, stride length, body weight, type of surface, gradient and activity (stair climbing)
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| Increased energy cost of walking | occurs with age, abnormal gait (e.g., disease, muscle weakness or paralysis, physical disability), or with use of functional devices (crutches, orthoses, prostheses).
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