First Aid for USMLE Step 1 Rapid Review
Help!
|
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abdominal pain, ascites, hepatomegaly | Budd-Chiari Syndrome (posthepatic venous thrombosis)
🗑
|
||||
| Achilles tendon xanthoma | Familial hypercholesterolemia
🗑
|
||||
| Adrenal hemorrhage, hypotension, DIC | Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome (meningococcemia)
🗑
|
||||
| Arachnodactyly, lens dislocation, aortic dissection, hyperflexible joints | Marfan's syndrome (fibrillin defect)
🗑
|
||||
| Athlete with polycythemia | Erythropoietin injection
🗑
|
||||
| Back pain, fever, night sweats, weight loss | Pott's disease (vertebral tuberculosis)
🗑
|
||||
| Bilateral hilar adenopathy, uveitis | Sarcoidosis (noncaseating granulomas)
🗑
|
||||
| Blue sclera | Osteogenesis imperfecta (collagen defect)
🗑
|
||||
| Bluish line on gingiva | Burton's line (lead poisoning)
🗑
|
||||
| Bone pain, bone enlargement, arthritis | Paget's disease of bone (increased osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity)
🗑
|
||||
| Bounding pulses, diastolic heart murmur, head bobbing | Aortic regurgitation
🗑
|
||||
| Café-au-lait spots, Lisch nodules (iris hamartoma) | Neurofibromatosis type I (+ pheochromocytoma, optic gliomas)
Neurofibromatosis type II (+ bilateral acoustic neuromas)
🗑
|
||||
| Café-au-lait spots, polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, precocious puberty | McCune-Albright syndrome (mosaic G-protein signaling mutation)
🗑
|
||||
| Calf pseudohypertrophy | Muscular dystrophy (MCly Duchenne's)
🗑
|
||||
| "Cherry-red spot" on macula | Tay-Sachs (ganglioside accumulation) or Niemann-Pick (sphingomyelin accumulation), central retinal artery occlusion
🗑
|
||||
| Chest pain, pericardial effusion/friction rub, persistent fever following MI | Dressler's syndrome (autoimmune-mediated post-MI fibrinous pericarditis, 1-12 weeks after acute episode)
🗑
|
||||
| Child uses arms to stand up from squat | Gowers' sign (Duchenne muscular dystrophy: XR deleted dystrophin gene)
🗑
|
||||
| Child with fever develops red rash on face that spreads to body | "Slapped cheeks" (erythema infectiosum/fifth disease: parvovirus B19)
🗑
|
||||
| Chorea, dementia, caudate degeneration | Huntington's disease (AD CAG repeat expansion)
🗑
|
||||
| Chronic exercise intolerance with myalgia, fatigue, painful cramps | McArdle's disease (muscle phosphorylase deficiency)
🗑
|
||||
| Cold intolerance | Hypothyroidism
🗑
|
||||
| Conjugate lateral gaze palsy, horizontal diplopia | Internuclear ophthalmoplegia (damage to MLF; bilateral [multiple sclerosis], unilateral [stroke])
🗑
|
||||
| Continuous "machinery" heart murmur | PDA (close with indomethacin; open with misoprostol)
🗑
|
||||
| Cutaneous/dermal edema due to connective tissue deposition | Myxedema (hypothyroidism, Graves' disease)
🗑
|
||||
| Dark purple skin/mouth nodules | Kaposi's sarcoma (usually AIDS patients [gay men]: associated with HHV-8)
🗑
|
||||
| Deep, labored breathing/hyperventilation | Kussmaul breathing (DKA)
🗑
|
||||
| Dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea | Pellagra (niacin [vitamin B3] deficiency)
🗑
|
||||
| Dilated cardiomyopathy, edema, polyneuropathy | Wet beriberi (thiamine [vitamin B1] deficiency)
🗑
|
||||
| Dog or cat bite resulting in infection | Pasteurella multocida (cellulitis at inoculation site)
🗑
|
||||
| Dry eyes, dry mouth, arthritis | Sjögren's syndrome (autoimmune destruction of exocrine glands)
🗑
|
||||
| Dysphagia (esophageal webs), glossitis, iron deficiency anemia | Plummer-Vinson syndrome (may progress to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma)
🗑
|
||||
| Elastic skin, hypermobility of joints | Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (collagen defect, usually type III)
🗑
|
||||
| Enlarged, hard left supraclavicular node | Virchow's node (abdominal metastasis)
🗑
|
||||
| Erythroderma, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, atypical T cells | Sézary syndrome (cutaneous T-cell lymphoma) or mycosis fungoides
🗑
|
||||
| Facial muscle spasm upon tapping | Chvostek's sign (hypocalcemia)
🗑
|
||||
| Fat, female, forty, and fertile | Acute cholecystitis (bile duct blockage)
🗑
|
||||
| Fever, chills, headache, myalgia following antibiotic treatment for syphilis | Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction (rapid lysis of spirochetes results in toxin release)
🗑
|
||||
| Fever, cough, conjunctivitis, coryza, diffuse rash | Measles (Morbillivirus)
🗑
|
||||
| Fever, night sweats, weight loss | B symptoms (lymphoma)
🗑
|
||||
| Fibrous plaques in soft tissue of penis | Peyronie's disease (connective tissue disorder)
🗑
|
||||
| Gout, mental retardation, self-mutilating behavior in a boy | Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (HGPRT deficiency, XR)
🗑
|
||||
| Green-yellow rings around peripheral cornea | Kayser-Fleischer rings (copper accumulation from Wilson's disease)
🗑
|
||||
| hamartomatous GI polyps, hyperpigmentation of mouth/feet/hands | Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (genetic benign polyposis can cause bowel obstruction; increase cancer risk)
🗑
|
||||
| Hepatosplenomegaly, osteoporosis, neurologic symptoms | Gaucher's disease (glucocerebrosidase deficiency)
🗑
|
||||
| Hereditary nephritis, sensorineural hearing loss, cataracts | Alport's syndrome (type IV collagen mutation)
🗑
|
||||
| Hypercoagulability (leading to migrating DVTs and vasculitis) | Trousseau's sign (adenocarcinoma of pancreas or lung)
🗑
|
||||
| Hyperphagia, hypersexuality, hyperorality, hyperdocility | Klüver-Bucy syndrome (bilateral amygdala lesion)
🗑
|
||||
| Hypertension, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis (the high pH of the blood makes Ca2+ less available to the tissues and causes symptoms of hypocalcemia) | Conn's syndrome (primary hyperaldosteronism)
🗑
|
||||
| Hypoxemia, polycythemia, hypercapnia | "Blue bloater" (chronic bronchitis: hyperplasia of mucous cells)
🗑
|
||||
| Indurated, ulcerated genital lesion | Nonpainful: chancre (primary syphilis, Treponema pallidum)
Painful, with exudate: chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi)
🗑
|
||||
| Infant with failure to thrive, hepatosplenomegaly, neurodegeneration | Niemann-Pick disease (genetic sphingomyelinase deficiency)
🗑
|
||||
| Infant with hypoglycemia, failure to thrive, and hepatomegaly | Cori's disease (debranching enzyme deficiency)
🗑
|
||||
| Infant with microcephaly, rocker-bottom feet, clenched hands, and structural heart defect | Edwards' syndrome (trisomy 18)
🗑
|
||||
| Jaundice, RUQ pain, fever | Charcot's triad 2 (ascending cholangitis)
🗑
|
||||
| Keratin pearls on skin biopsy | Squamous cell carcinoma
🗑
|
||||
| Large rash with bull's-eye appearance | Erythema chronicum migrans from Ixodes tick bite (Lyme disease: Borrelia)
🗑
|
||||
| Lucid interval after traumatic brain injury | Epidural hematoma (middle meningeal artery rupture)
🗑
|
||||
| Male child, recurrent infections, no mature B cells | Bruton's disease (X-linked agammaglobulinemia)
🗑
|
||||
| Mucosal bleeding and prolonged bleeding time | Glanzmann's thrombasthenia (defect in platelet aggregation due to lack of GpIIb/IIIa)
🗑
|
||||
| Multiple colon polyps, osteomas/soft tissue tumors, impacted/supernumerary teeth | Gardner's syndrome (subtype of FAP)
🗑
|
||||
| Necrotizing vasculitis (lungs) and necrotizing glomerulonephritis | Wegener's (c-ANCA positive) and Goodpasture's syndromes (anti-basement membrane antibodies)
🗑
|
||||
| Neonate with arm paralysis following difficult birth | Erb-Duchenne palsy (superior trunk [C5-C6] brachial plexus injury: "waiter's tip")
🗑
|
||||
| No lactation postpartum, absent menstruation, cold intolerance | Sheehan's syndrome (pituitary infarction)
🗑
|
||||
| Nystagmus, intention tremor, scanning speech, bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia | Multiple sclerosis
🗑
|
||||
| Oscillating slow/fast breathing | Cheyne-Stokes respirations(central apnea in CHF or increased intracranial pressure)
🗑
|
||||
| Painful blue fingers/toes, hemolytic anemia | Cold agglutinin disease (autoimmune hemolytic anemia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, infectious mononucleosis)
🗑
|
||||
| Painful, pale, cold fingers/toes | Rayneud's syndrome (vasospasm in extremities)
🗑
|
||||
| Painful, raised red lesions on palms and soles | Osler's nodes (infective endocarditis)
🗑
|
||||
| Painless erythematous lesions on palms and soles | Janeway lesions (infective endocarditis)
🗑
|
||||
| Painless jaundice | Cancer of the pancreatic duct obstructing bile duct
🗑
|
||||
| Palpable purpura, joint pain, abdominal pain (child) | Henoch-Schönlein purpura (IgA vasculitis affecting skin and kidneys)
🗑
|
||||
| Pancreatic, pituitary, parathyroid tumors | Wermer's syndrome (MEN I)
🗑
|
||||
| Pink complexion, dyspnea, hyperventilation | "Pink puffer" (emphysema: centroacinar [smoking], panacinar [α1-antitrypsin deficiency])
🗑
|
||||
| Polyuria, acidosis, growth failure, electrollyte imbalances | Fanconi's syndrome (proximal tubular reabsorpiton defect)
🗑
|
||||
| Positive anterior "drawer sign" | Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury
🗑
|
||||
| Ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis | Horner's syndrome (sympathetic chain lesion)
🗑
|
||||
| Pupil accommodates but doesn't react | Argyll Robertson pupil (neurosyphilis)
🗑
|
||||
| Rapidly progressive leg weakness that ascends (following GI/upper respiratory infection) | Guillain-Barré syndrome (autoimmune acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy)
🗑
|
||||
| Rash on palms and soles | Secondary syphilis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Coxsackie A virus
🗑
|
||||
| Recurrent colds, unusual eczema, high serum IgE | Job's syndrome (hyper-IgE syndrome: neutrophil chemotaxis abnormality)
🗑
|
||||
| Red "currant jelly" sputum in alcoholic or diabetic patients | Klebsiella pneumoniae
🗑
|
||||
| Red, itchy, swollen rash of nipple/areola | Paget's disease of the breast (represents underlying neoplasm)
🗑
|
||||
| Renal cell carcinoma, hemangioblastomas, angiomatosis, pheochromocytoma | von Hippel-Lindau disease (dominant tumor suppressor gene mutation)
🗑
|
||||
| Resting tremor, rigidity, akinesia, postural instability | Parkinson's disease (nigrostriatal dopamine depletion)
🗑
|
||||
| Restrictive cardiomyopathy (juvenile form: cardiomegaly), exercise intolerance | Pompe's disease (lysosomal glucosidase deficiency)
🗑
|
||||
| Retinal hemorrhages with pale centers | Roth spots (bacterial endocarditis)
🗑
|
||||
| Severe jaundice in neonate | Crigler-Najjar syndrome (congential unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
🗑
|
||||
| Severe RLQ pain with rebound tenderness | McBurney's sign (appendicitis)
🗑
|
||||
| Short stature, increased incidence of tumors/leukemia, aplastic anemia | Fanconi's anemia (genetically inherited; often progresses to AML)
🗑
|
||||
| Single palm crease | Simian crease (Down syndrome)
🗑
|
||||
| Situs inversus, chronic sinusitis, bronchiectasis, infertility | Kartagener's syndrome (dynein defect affecting cilia)
🗑
|
||||
| Skin hyperpigmentation | Addison's disease (primary adrenocortical insufficiency of autoimmune or infectious etiology)
🗑
|
||||
| Slow, progressive weakness in boys | Becker's muscular dystrophy (X-linked, defective dystrophin; less severe than Duchenne's)
🗑
|
||||
| Small, irregular red spots on buccal/lingual mucosa with blue-white centers | Koplik spots (measles)
🗑
|
||||
| Smooth, flat, moist white lesions on genitals | Condylomata lata (secondary syphilis)
🗑
|
||||
| Splinter hemorrhages in fingernails | Bacterial endocarditis
🗑
|
||||
| "Strawberry tongue" | Scarlet fever, Kawasaki disease, toxic shock syndrome
🗑
|
||||
| Streak ovaries, congential heart disease, horseshoe kidney | Turner syndrome (XO, short stature, webbed neck, lymphedema)
🗑
|
||||
| Sudden swollen/painful big toe joint, tophi | Gout/podagra (hyperuricemia)
🗑
|
||||
| Swollen gums, mucous bleeding, poor wound healing, spots on skin | Scurvy (vitamin C deficiency: can't hydroxylate proline/lysine for collagen synthesis)
🗑
|
||||
| Swollen, hard, painful finger joints | Osteoarthritis (osteophytes on PIP [Bouchard's nodes], DIP [Heberden's nodes])
🗑
|
||||
| Systolic ejection murmur (crescendo-decrescendo) | Aortic valve stenosis
🗑
|
||||
| Thyroid and parathyroid tumors, pheochromocytoma | Sipple's syndrome (MEN 2A)
🗑
|
||||
| Toe extension/fanning upon plantar scrape | Babinski's sign (UMN lesion)
🗑
|
||||
| Unilateral facial drooping involving forehead | Bell's palsy (LMN CN VII palsy)
🗑
|
||||
| Urethritis, conjunctivitis, arthritis in a male | Reiter's syndrome (reactive arthritis associated with HLA-B27)
🗑
|
||||
| Vascular birthmark (port-wine stain) | Hemangioma (benign, but associated with Sturge-Weber syndrome)
🗑
|
||||
| Vasculitis from exposure to endotoxin cause glomerular thrombosis | Shwartzman reaction (following second exposure to endotoxin)
🗑
|
||||
| Vomiting blood following esophagogastric lacerations | Mallory-Weiss syndrome (alcoholic and bulimic patients)
🗑
|
||||
| "Waxy" casts with very low urine flow | Chronic end-stage renal disease
🗑
|
||||
| WBC casts in urine | Acute pyelonephritis
🗑
|
||||
| Weight loss, diarrhea, arthritis, fever, adenopathy | Whipple's disease (Tropheryma whippelii)
🗑
|
||||
| "Worst headache of my life" | Subarachnoid hemorrhage
🗑
|
||||
| Anticentromere antibodies | Scleroderma (CREST)
🗑
|
||||
| Andidesmoglein (epithelial) antibodies | Phemphigus vulgaris (blistering)
🗑
|
||||
| Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies | Goodpasture's syndrome (glomerulonephritis and hemoptysis)
🗑
|
||||
| Antihistone antibodies | Drug-induced SLE (hydralazine, isoniazid, phenytoin, procainamide, quinidine)
🗑
|
||||
| Anti-IgG antibodies | Rheumatoid arthritis (systemic inflammation, joint pannus, boutonnière deformity)
🗑
|
||||
| Antimitochondrial antibodies (AMAs) | Primary biliary cirrhosis (female, cholestasis, portal hypertension)
🗑
|
||||
| Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) | Vasculitis (c-ANCA: Wegener's; p-ANCA: microscopic polyangiitis, Churg-Strauss syndrome)
🗑
|
||||
| Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs: anti-Smith and anti-dsDNA) | SLE (type III hypersensitivity); anti-dsDNA correlates with disease activity, anti-Smith does not
🗑
|
||||
| Antiplatelet antibodies | Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) (bleeding diathesis)
🗑
|
||||
| Anti-topoisomerase antibodies | Diffuse systemic scleroderma
🗑
|
||||
| Anti-transglutaminase/antigliadin/anti-endomysial antibodies | Celiac disease (diarrhea, distension, weight loss)
🗑
|
||||
| Azurophilic granular needles in leukemic blasts | Auer rods (Acute myelogenous leukemia: especially the promyelocytic type)
🗑
|
||||
| "Bamboo spine" on x-ray | Ankylosing spondylitis (chronic inflammatory arthritis: HLA-B27)
🗑
|
||||
| Basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs | Howell-Jolly bodies (due to splenectomy or nonfunctional spleen)
🗑
|
||||
| Basophilic stippling of RBCs | Lead poisoning or sideroblastic anemia
🗑
|
||||
| Bloody tap on LP | Subarachnoid hemorrhage
🗑
|
||||
| "Boot-shaped" heart on x-ray | Tetralogy of Fallot, RVH
🗑
|
||||
| Branching gram-positive rods with sulfur granules | Actinomyces israelii
🗑
|
||||
| Bronchogenic apical lung tumor | Pancoast's tumor (can compress sympathetic ganglion and cause Horner's syndrome)
🗑
|
||||
| "Brown" tumor of bone | Hemorrhage (hemosiderin) causes brown color of osteolytic cysts. Due to:
1. Hyperparathyroidism
2. Osteitis fibrosa cystica
🗑
|
||||
| Cardiomegaly with apical atrophy | Chagas' disease (Trypanosoma cruzi)
🗑
|
||||
| Cellular crescents in Bowman's capsule | Rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis
🗑
|
||||
| "Chocolate cyst" on ovary | Endometriosis (frequently involves both ovaries)
🗑
|
||||
| Circular grouping of dark tumor cells surrounding pale neurofibrils | Homer Wright rosettes (neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma, retinoblastoma)
🗑
|
||||
| Colonies of mucoid Pseudomonas bugs | Cystic fibrosis (CFTR mutation in Caucasians resulting in fat-soluble vitamin deficiency and mucous plugs)
🗑
|
||||
| Degeneration of dorsal column nerves | Tabes dorsalis (tertiary syphilis)
🗑
|
||||
| Depigmentation of neurons in substantia nigra | Parkinson's disease (basal ganglia disorder: rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia)
🗑
|
||||
| Desquamated epithelium casts in sputum | Curschmann's spirals (bronchial asthma; can result in whorled mucous plugs)
🗑
|
||||
| Disarrayed granulosa cells in eosinophilic fluid | Call-Exner bodies (granulosa-theca cell tumor of the ovary)
🗑
|
||||
| Dysplastic squamous cervical cells with nuclear enlargement and hyperchromasia | Koilocytes (HPV: predisposes to cervical cancer)
🗑
|
||||
| Enlarged cells with intranuclear incluusion bodies | "Owl's-eye" appearance of CMV
🗑
|
||||
| Enlarged thyroid cells with ground-glass nuclei | "Orphan Annie" eye nuclei (papillary carcinoma of the thyroid)
🗑
|
||||
| Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in liver cell | Mallory bodies (alcoholic liver disease)
🗑
|
||||
| Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in nerve cell | Lewy body (Parkinson's disease)
🗑
|
||||
| Eosinophilic globule in liver | Councilman body (toxic or viral hepatitis, often yellow fever)
🗑
|
||||
| Eosinophilic inclusion bodies in cytoplasm of hippocampal nerve cells | Rabies virus (Lyssavirus); Negri bodies
🗑
|
||||
| Extracellular amyloid deposition in gray matter of brain | Senile plaques (Alzheimer's disease)
🗑
|
||||
| Giant B cells with bilobed nuclei with prominent inclusions ("owl's eye") | Reed-Sternberg cells (Hodgkin's lymphoma)
🗑
|
||||
| Glomerulus-like structure surrounding vessel in germ cells | Schiller-Duval bodies (yolk sac tumor)
🗑
|
||||
| "Hair-on-end" (crew-cut) appearance on x-ray | β-thalassemia, sickle cell anemia (marrow expansion)
🗑
|
||||
| hCG elevated | Choriocarcinoma, hydatidiform mole (occurs with and without embryo)
🗑
|
||||
| Heart nodules (inflammatory) | Aschoff bodies (rheumatic fever)
🗑
|
||||
| Heterophile antibodies | Infectious mononucleosis (EBV)
🗑
|
||||
| Hexagonal, double-pointed, needle-like crystals in bronchial secretions | Bronchial asthma (Charcot-Leyden crystals: eosinophilic granules)
🗑
|
||||
| High level of D-dimers | DVT, pulmonary embolism, DIC
🗑
|
||||
| Hilar lymphadenopathy, peripheral granulomatous lesion in middle or lower lung lobes (can calcify) | Ghon complex (Primary TB: Mycobacterium bacilli)
🗑
|
||||
| "Honeycomb lung" on x-ray | Interstitial fibrosis
🗑
|
||||
| Hypersegmented neutrophils | Megaloblastic anemia (B12, folate deficiency)
🗑
|
||||
| Hypochromic, microcytic anemia | Iron deficiency anemia, lead poisoning, thalassemia (HbF sometimes present)
🗑
|
||||
| Increased α-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid/maternal serum | Anencephaly, spina bifida (neural tube defects), multiple gestation, abdominal wall defects
🗑
|
||||
| Decreased α-fetoprotein | Down syndrome
🗑
|
||||
| Increased uric acid levels | Gout, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, tumor lysis syndrome, loop and thiazide diuretics
🗑
|
||||
| Intranuclear eosinophilic droplet-like bodies | Cowdry type A bodies (HSV or yellow fever)
🗑
|
||||
| Iron-containing nodules in alveolar septum | Ferruginous bodies (asbestosis: increased chance of mesothelioma)
🗑
|
||||
| Large lysosomal vesicles in phagocytes, immunodeficiency | Chédiak-Higashi disease (congential failure of phagolysosome formation)
🗑
|
||||
| Low serum ceruloplasmin | Wilson's disease (hepatolenticular degeneration)
🗑
|
||||
| "Lumpy-bumpy" appearance of glomeruli on immunofluorescence | Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (immune complex deposition of IgG and C3b)
🗑
|
||||
| Lytic ("hole-punched") bone lesions on x-ray | Multiple myeloma
🗑
|
||||
| Mammary gland ("blue-domed") cyst | Fibrocystic change of the breast
🗑
|
||||
| Monoclonal antibody spike (4 things) | 1. Multiple myeloma (called the M protein, usually IgG or IgA)
2. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS; normal consequence of aging)
3. Waldenström's macroglobulinemia (M protein = IgM)
4. Primary amyloidosis
🗑
|
||||
| Monoclonal globulin protein in blood/urine | Bence Jones proteins (multiple myeloma [kappa or lambda Ig light chains in urine]), Waldenström's macroglobulinemia (IgM)
🗑
|
||||
| Mucin-filled cell with peripheral nucleus | Signet ring (gastric carcinoma)
🗑
|
||||
| Narrowing of bowel lumen on barium radiograph | "String sign" (Crohn's disease)
🗑
|
||||
| Needle-shaped, negatively birefringent crystals | Gout (hyperuricemia)
🗑
|
||||
| Nodular hyaline deposits in glomeruli | Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules (diabetic nephropathy)
🗑
|
||||
| "Nutmeg" appearance of liver | Chronic passive congestion of liver due to RHF
🗑
|
||||
| "Onion-skin" periosteal reaction | Ewing's sarcoma (malignant round-cell tumor)
🗑
|
||||
| Periosteum raised from bone, creating a triangular area | Codman's triangle on x-ray (osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, pyogenic osteomyelitis)
🗑
|
||||
| Podocyte fusion on EM | Minimal change disease (child with nephrotic syndrome)
🗑
|
||||
| Polished, "ivory-like" appearance of bone at cartilage erosion | Eburnation (osteoarthritis resulting in bondy sclerosis)
🗑
|
||||
| Protein aggregates in neurons from hyperphosphorylation of protein tau | Neurofibrillary tangles (Alzheimer's disease and CJD)
🗑
|
||||
| Pseudopalisading tumor cells on brain biopsy | Glioblastoma multiforme
🗑
|
||||
| RBC casts in urine | Acute glomerulonephritis
🗑
|
||||
| Rectangular, crystal-like, cytoplasmic inclusions in Leydig cells | Reinke crystals (Leydig cell tumor)
🗑
|
||||
| Renal epithelial casts in urine | Acute toxic/viral nephrosis
🗑
|
||||
| Rhomboid crystals, positively birefringent | Pseudogout (calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate)
🗑
|
||||
| Rib notching | Coarctation of the aorta
🗑
|
||||
| Sheets of medium-sized lymphoid cells ("starry sky" appearance on histology) | Burkitt's lymphoma (t[8;14] c-myc activation, associated with EBV)
🗑
|
||||
| Silver-staining spherical aggregation of tau proteins in neurons | Pick bodies (Pick's disease: progressive dementia, similar to Alzheimer's)
🗑
|
||||
| "Soap bubble" in femur or tibia on x-ray | Giant cell tumor of bone (generally benign)
🗑
|
||||
| "Spikes" on basement membrane, "dome-like" endothelial deposits | Membranous glomerulonephritis (may progress to nephrotic syndrome)
🗑
|
||||
| Stacks of RBCs | Rouleaux formation (high ESR, multiple myeloma)
🗑
|
||||
| Stippled vaginal epithelial cells | "Clue cells" (Gardnerella vaginalis)
🗑
|
||||
| "Tennis-racket"-shaped cytoplasmic organelles (EM) in Langerhans cells | Birbeck granules (histiocytosis X: eosinophilic granuloma)
🗑
|
||||
| Thrombi made of white/red layers | Lines of Zahn (arterial thrombus, layers of platelets/RBCs)
🗑
|
||||
| "Thumb sign" on lateral x-ray | Epiglottitis (Haemophilis influenzae)
🗑
|
||||
| Thyroid-like appearance of kidney | Chronic bacterial pyelonephritis
🗑
|
||||
| "Tram-track" appearance on LM | Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
🗑
|
||||
| Triglyceride accumulation in liver cell vacuoles | Fatty liver disease (alcoholic or metabolic syndrome)
🗑
|
||||
| WBCs that look "smudged" | CLL (almost always B cell; affects the elderly)
🗑
|
||||
| "Wire loop" glomerular appearance on LM | Lupus nephropathy
🗑
|
||||
| Yellow CSF | Xanthochromia (subarachnoid hemorrhage)
🗑
|
||||
| Actinic (solar keratosis) | Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma
🗑
|
||||
| Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury | Cushing's ulcer (increased ICP stimulates vagal gastric secretion)
🗑
|
||||
| Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns | Curling's ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)
🗑
|
||||
| Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon | Skip lesions (Crohn's disease)
🗑
|
||||
| Aneurysm, dissecting | Hypertension
🗑
|
||||
| Aortic aneurysm, abdominal and descending aorta | Atherosclerosis
🗑
|
||||
| Aortic aneurysm, ascending | Tertiary syphilis, Marfan's syndrome
🗑
|
||||
| Atrophy of the mammillary bodies | Wernicke's encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion)
🗑
|
||||
| Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage) | Sickle cell anemia (HbS)
🗑
|
||||
| Bacteria associated with stomach cancer | H. pylori
🗑
|
||||
| Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly) | Neisseria meningitidis
🗑
|
||||
| Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids) | Group B streptococcus (newborn), S. pneumoniae/Neisseria meningitidis (kids)
🗑
|
||||
| Benign melanocytic nevus | Spitz nevus (most common in first two decades)
🗑
|
||||
| Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency | Bernard-Soulier disease (defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand's factor)
🗑
|
||||
| Brain tumor (adults) - general type and most common | Suptatentorial: mets > astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme) > meningioma > schwannoma
🗑
|
||||
| Brain tumor (kids) - most common & location | Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum) or supratentorial: craniopharyngioma (cerebrum)
🗑
|
||||
| Breast cancer | Infiltrating ductal carcinoma (in the US, 1 in 9 women will develop breast cancer)
🗑
|
||||
| Breast mass | 1. Fibrocystic change
2. Carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)
🗑
|
||||
| Breast tumor (benign) | Fibroadenoma
🗑
|
||||
| Cardiac primary tumor (kids) | Rhabdomyoma
🗑
|
||||
| Cardiac manifestation of lupus | Libman-Sacks endocarditis (nonbacterial, affecting mitral)
🗑
|
||||
| Cardiac tumor (adults) | 1. Metastasis
2. Primary myxoma (4:1 LA to RA; "ball and valve")
🗑
|
||||
| Cerebellar tonsillar herniation | Chiari malformation (often presents with progressive hydrocephalus or syringomyelia)
🗑
|
||||
| Chronic arrhythmia | Atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)
🗑
|
||||
| Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune) | Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)
🗑
|
||||
| Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina | DES exposure in utero
🗑
|
||||
| Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension | 21-hydroxylase deficiency
🗑
|
||||
| Congential cardiac anomaly (most common) | VSD
🗑
|
||||
| Constrictive pericarditis in developing world | Tuberculosis
🗑
|
||||
| Coronary artery involved in thrombosis | LAD>RCA>LCA
🗑
|
||||
| Cretinism | Iodine deficit/hypothyroidism
🗑
|
||||
| Cushing's syndrome | 1. Corticosteroid therapy
2. Excess ACTH secretion by pituitary
🗑
|
||||
| Cyanosis (early; less common) | Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus, tricuspid atresia, total anomalous pulmonary venous return (5 T's)
🗑
|
||||
| Cyanosis (late; more common) | VSD, ASD, PDA
🗑
|
||||
| Death in CML | Blast crisis
🗑
|
||||
| Death in SLE | Lupus nephropathy
🗑
|
||||
| Dementia | 1. Alzheimer's disease
2. Multiple infarcts
🗑
|
||||
| Demyelinating disease in young women | Multiple sclerosis
🗑
|
||||
| DIC | Gram-negative sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burn trauma
🗑
|
||||
| Dietary deficit | Iron
🗑
|
||||
| Diverticulum in pharynx | Zenker's diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)
🗑
|
||||
| Ejection click | Aortic/pulmonic stenosis
🗑
|
||||
| Esophageal cancer | Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide); adenocarcinoma (US)
🗑
|
||||
| Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated) | S. aureus, B. cereus
🗑
|
||||
| Glomerulonephritis (adults) | Berger's disease (IgA nephropathy)
🗑
|
||||
| Gynecologic malignancy (most common) | Endometrial carcinoma
🗑
|
||||
| Heart murmur, congential | Mitral valve prolapse
🗑
|
||||
| Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis | Mitral (rheumatic fever), tricuspid (IV drug abuse), aortic (2nd affected in rheumatic fever)
🗑
|
||||
| Helminth infection (US) | 1. Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm--Scotch tape test)
2. Ascaris lumbricoides
🗑
|
||||
| Hematoma-epidural | Rupture of middle meningeal artery (crescent shaped)
🗑
|
||||
| Hematoma-subdural | Rupture of bridging veins (trauma; lentiform [biconvex] shaped)
🗑
|
||||
| Hemochromatosis | Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in CHF, "bronze diabetes," and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma)
🗑
|
||||
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | Cirrhotic liver (often associated with hepatitis B and C)
🗑
|
||||
| Hereditary bleeding disorder | von Willebrand's disease
🗑
|
||||
| Hereditary harmless jaundice | Gilbert's syndrome (benign congential unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
🗑
|
||||
| HLA-B27 | Ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's syndrome/reactive arthritis, ulcerative colitis, psoriasis
🗑
|
||||
| HLA-DR3 or -DR4 | Diabetes mellitus type 1, rheumatoid arthritis, SLE
🗑
|
||||
| Holosystolic murmur | VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation
🗑
|
||||
| Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis | Virchow's triad (results in venous thrombosis)
🗑
|
||||
| Hypertension, secondary | Renal disease
🗑
|
||||
| Hypoparathyroidism | Thyroidectomy
🗑
|
||||
| Hypopituitarism | Pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)
🗑
|
||||
| Infection secondary to blood transfusion | Hepatitis C
🗑
|
||||
| Kidney stones | 1. Calcium = radiopaque
2. Struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque (formed by urease-positive organisms such as Proteus vulgaris or Staphylococcus)
3. Uric acid = radiolucent
🗑
|
||||
| Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected L-->R becomes R-->L) | Eisenmenger's syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia)
🗑
|
||||
| Liver disease | Alcoholic cirrhosis
🗑
|
||||
| Lysosomal storage disease | Gaucher's disease
🗑
|
||||
| Male cancer | Prostatic carcinoma
🗑
|
||||
| Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever | Hodgkin's lymphoma
🗑
|
||||
| Malignant skin tumor | Basal cell carcinoma (rarely metastasizes)
🗑
|
||||
| Mental retardation | 1. Down syndrome
2. Fragile X syndrome
🗑
|
||||
| Metastases to bone | Breast, lung, thyroid, testes, prostate, kidney
🗑
|
||||
| Metastases to brain | Lung, breast, skin (melanoma), kidney (renal cell carcinoma), GI
🗑
|
||||
| Metastases to liver | Colon, gastric, pancreatic, breast, and lung carcinomas
🗑
|
||||
| Mitral valve stenosis | Rheumatic disease
🗑
|
||||
| Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease | ALS
🗑
|
||||
| Myocarditis (virus that causes) | Coxsackie B
🗑
|
||||
| Neoplasm (kids) | 1. ALL
2. Cerebellar medulloblastoma
🗑
|
||||
| Nephrotic syndrome (adults) | Membranous glomerulonephritis
🗑
|
||||
| Nephrotic syndrome (kids) | Minimal change disease (associated with infections/vaccinations; treat with corticosteroids)
🗑
|
||||
| Nosocomial pneumonia | Klebsiella, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
🗑
|
||||
| Obstruction of male urinary tract | BPH
🗑
|
||||
| Opening snap | Mitral stenosis
🗑
|
||||
| Opportunistic infection in AIDS | Pneumocystis jiroveci (formerly carinii) pneumonia
🗑
|
||||
| Osteomyelitis | S. aureus
🗑
|
||||
| Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease patients | Salmonella
🗑
|
||||
| Osteomyelitis with IV drug abuse | Pseudomonas, S. aureus
🗑
|
||||
| Ovarian metastasis from gastric carcinoma or breast cancer | Krukenbery tumor (mucin-secreting signet-ring cells)
🗑
|
||||
| Ovarian tumor (benign) | Serous cystadenoma
🗑
|
||||
| Ovarian tumor (malignant) | Serous cystadenocarcinoma
🗑
|
||||
| Pancreatitis (acute) | Gallstones, alcohol
🗑
|
||||
| Pancreatitis (chronic) | Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)
🗑
|
||||
| Patient with ALL/CLL/AML/CML | ALL: child, CLL: adult>60, AML: adult>60, CML: adult 35-50
🗑
|
||||
| Pelvic inflammatory disease | Neisseria gonorrhoeae (monoarticular arthritis)
🗑
|
||||
| Philadelphia chromosome t(9;22) (bcr-abl) | CML (may sometimes be associated with AML/ALL)
🗑
|
||||
| Pituitary tumor | 1. Prolactinoma
2. Somatotrophic "acidophilic" adenoma
🗑
|
||||
| Primary amenorrhea | Turner syndrome (XO)
🗑
|
||||
| Primary bone tumor (adults) | Multiple myeloma
🗑
|
||||
| Primary hyperaldosteronism | Adenoma of adrenal contex
🗑
|
||||
| Primary hyperparathyroidism | 1. Adenomas
2. Hyperplasia
3. Carcinoma
🗑
|
||||
| Primary liver cancer | Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, α-1 antitrypsin)
🗑
|
||||
| Pulmonary hypertension | COPD
🗑
|
||||
| Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities | Buerger's disease (strongly associated with tobacco)
🗑
|
||||
| Renal tumor | Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-lindau and adult polycystic kidney disease; paraneoplastic syndromes (erythropoietin, renin, PTH, ACTH)
🗑
|
||||
| Right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause | Cor pulmonale
🗑
|
||||
| S3 (protodiastolic gallop) | Increased ventricular filling (L-->R shunt, mitral regurgitation, LV failure [CHF])
🗑
|
||||
| S4 (presystolic gallop) | Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)
🗑
|
||||
| Secondary hyperparathyroidism | Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease
🗑
|
||||
| Sexually transmitted disease | Chlamydia (usually coinfected with gonorrhea)
🗑
|
||||
| SIADH | Small cell carcinoma of the lung
🗑
|
||||
| Site of diverticula | Sigmoid colon
🗑
|
||||
| Sites of atherosclerosis | Abdominal aorta > coronary > popliteal > carotid
🗑
|
||||
| Stomach cancer | Adenocarcinoma
🗑
|
||||
| Stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels | Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas)
🗑
|
||||
| t(14;18) | Follicular lymphomas (bcl-2 activation)
🗑
|
||||
| t(8;14) | Burkitt's lymphoma (c-myc lymphoma)
🗑
|
||||
| t(9;22) | Philadelphiachromosome, CML (bcr-abl hybrid)
🗑
|
||||
| Temporal arteritis | Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to thrombosis of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica
🗑
|
||||
| Testicular tumor | Seminoma
🗑
|
||||
| Thyroid cancer | Papillary carcinoma
🗑
|
||||
| Tumor in women | Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent)
🗑
|
||||
| Tumor of infancy | Hemangioma (usually regresses spontaneously by childhood)
🗑
|
||||
| Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults) | Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)
🗑
|
||||
| Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids) | Neuroblastoma (malignant)
🗑
|
||||
| Type of Hodgkin's | Nodular sclerosis (vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)
🗑
|
||||
| Type of non-Hodgkin's | Diffuse large cell
🗑
|
||||
| UTI | E. coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (young, sexually-active women)
🗑
|
||||
| Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe | HSV
🗑
|
||||
| Vitamin deficiency (US) | Folic acid (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3- to 4-month supply; prevents neural tube defects)
🗑
|
||||
| Sensitivity | TP/(TP+FN)
🗑
|
||||
| Specificity | TN/(TN+FP)
🗑
|
||||
| Positive predictive value | TP/(TP+FP)
🗑
|
||||
| Negative predictive value | TN/(TN+FN)
🗑
|
||||
| Relative risk | (a/[a+b])/(c/[c+d])
🗑
|
||||
| Attributable risk | (a/[a+b]) - (c/[c+d])
🗑
|
||||
| Number needed to treat | 1/absolute risk reduction
🗑
|
||||
| Number needed to harm | 1/attributable risk
🗑
|
||||
| Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium | p^2+2pq+q^2 = 1
p+q = 1
🗑
|
||||
| Henderson-Hasselbalch equation | pH = pKa + log([HCO3-]/0.03PCO2)
🗑
|
||||
| Volume of distribution | Amount of drug in the body/plasma drug concentration
🗑
|
||||
| Clearance | Rate of elimination of drug/plasma drug concentration
🗑
|
||||
| Half-life | t1/2 = (0.7xVd)/CL
Vd = volume of distribution
CL = clearance
🗑
|
||||
| Loading dose | Cp x(Vd/F)
🗑
|
||||
| Maintenance dose | Cp x CL/F
🗑
|
||||
| Cardiac output | Rate of O2 consumption/(arterial O2 content-venous O2 content)
Stroke volume x heart rate
🗑
|
||||
| Mean arterial pressure | Cardiac output x total peripheral resistance
2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure
🗑
|
||||
| Stroke volume | end diastolic volume - end systolic volume
🗑
|
||||
| Ejection fraction | (Stroke volume/end diastolic volume) x 100
🗑
|
||||
| Resistance | Driving pressure/flow
(8viscosity x length)/πr^4
🗑
|
||||
| Net filtration pressure | [(Pc-Pi)-(πc-πi)]
🗑
|
||||
| Glomerular filtration rate | U of inulin x (V/P of inulin)
GFR = C of inulin
Kf[(Pgc-Pbs)-(πgc-πbs)]
🗑
|
||||
| Effective renal plasma flow | U of PAH x (V/P of PAH)
ERPF = C of PAH
🗑
|
||||
| Renal blood flow | RPF/(1-Hct)
🗑
|
||||
| Filtration fraction | GFR/RPF
🗑
|
||||
| Physiologic dead space | Vt x ([PaCO2 - PeCO2]/PaCO2)
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Created by:
cuernavaca05
Popular USMLE sets