Anatomy & Physiology Chapters 1 & 3
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| Superior (Cephalic or Cranial) | Above; upper body part.
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| Inferior (Caudal) | Below; away from the head.
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| Ventral (Anterior) | Toward the front; belly surface.
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| Dorsal (Posterior) | Toward the back.
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| Cranial | Toward the head.
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| Caudal | Toward the feet; near the sacral region of the spinal column.
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| Medial | Near the middle of the body; divide into a right and left.
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| Lateral | Toward the side; Away from the mid-line.
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| Proximal | Nearer to the attachment of limb, nearer to the origination of the structure.
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| Nucleus | Largest organelle control center, the brain of cell controls all cellular activity (tells us what to do). Contains the chromosomes. Genetic information.
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| Nucleolus | Brain of the brain. Contains the RNA and protein to synthesizes(make) organelles such as Ribosomes.
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| Rough ER | Works with Ribosomes to synthesize(make) protein.
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| Ribosomes | Compose of RNA, also helps to synthesize(make) protein. Attached to the Ribosomes.
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| Smooth ER | Synthesizes(make) lipid(fat, steroids) Does not have Ribosomes.
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| Mitochondria | Kidney shape, site of Synthesize(make) Adenozine Triphosphate(ATP) Energy to nutrients.
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| Peroxisome | Enzymes Detoxifies(kills) toxins/poisonous substances.
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| Lysomsomes | Enzymes Digests(breaks down) waste products.
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| Organelles | Little organ of the cell the subdivision within the cell.
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| Cytoplasm | Substances inside the cell, containing the liquid Cytosol and organelles. Maintain growth.
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| Intracellular | Fluid inside the cell(Cytosol).
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| Intercellular | Fluid in between cells.
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| Extracellular | Fluid outside of cell.
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| Golgi Apparatus | Looks like a stack of pancakes It is to modify, package and transport protein(product control) QC.
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| Vesicles | Transports material(in/out) of cell.
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| Centrioles | Are paired cylinders that aid in cell reproduction(division) in mitosis.
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| Microvilli | Small and short extensions that move fluid(substances) around the cell.
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| Cilia | Long hairlike (same function) moves fluid around cell.
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| Flagellum | Tail like structure that propels(swims/moves) the cell
Ex: sperm (only in human body).
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| Plasma Membrane | Selectively Permeable-Keeps the cell in tacked; semipermeable-(half,pass through through small amounts) Paula Abdul-Opposites Attract.
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| DNA | Deoxyribonucleic Acid-Blue print inside the nucleus (ID) does transcribes but not in translation.
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| RNA | Ribonucleic Acid-Helps synthesize(make) protein work with Ribosomes. Transcribes and Translates.
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| Transcription | To copy-transcribe the notes of the DNA strand onto the messenger RNA.
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| Messenger RNA(mRNA) | Carries the message out of the nucleus into the Ribosomes and to the translation from the DNA.
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| Transfer RNA(tRNA) | Taking the code from RNA, brings amino acids to be made into proteins.
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| Ribosomal RNA(rRNA) | Makes up the Ribosomes. Synthesize protein, transport protein out of the cell.
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| Mitosis | Division of somatic cells. Cellular reproduction from mother cell to daughter cell(exactly the same). One cell divides into two identical daughter cells
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| Daughter Cells | Product of the cells in Mitosis. Exactly the same kind of DNA.
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| Interphase | Dormant-growth phase. DNA takes place.
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| Prophase | Chromosomes appear, first stage, gathering of.
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| Anaphase | Chromosomes split(divide) pull towards the opposite pole. Reforms.
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| Metaphase | Chromosomes gather together in the middle(center)of the cell(Centrioles) Centrioles send out spindle fibers to guide the chromosome to it.
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| Telophase | A new membrane appears and then separates(splits) chromosome forming a two new nuclei.
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| Diffusion(Passive Transport) | Constant movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration. No energy needed; force. Ex. Exchange of O2 & CO2.
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| Osmosis(Passive Transport) | Diffusion of water: Semipermeable-Movement of water to a low solute concentration to high concentration. Needs force to go up. Only in water.
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| Filtration | Requires a pressure/force of water to separate substances out of the cell.
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| Facilitated Diffusion | The movement of proteins from high concentration to low concentration with the use of an aid transporter.
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| Active Transport | Fluid flows in the opposite direction from high concentration to low concentration. This requires energy ATP.
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| Selectively permeable | Only a certain particles go through.
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| Phagocytosis "phago-eating" | The "eating" of cell(Pac Man). Engulfing large particles.
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| Pinocytosis "pino-drinking" | The "drinking" of cells. Intake of fluid droplets.
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| Endocytosis "endo-inside" | Moves the bulk of substances inside of cell using vesicles.
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| Exocytosis "exo-exit" | Exit, moves substances out of cell, (removal of waste) using vesicles into the Extracellular fluid.
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| Isotonic | Same concentration substance as of the fluid in the cell(cells remain the same)
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| Hypotonic | Lower concentration substance of the fluid in the cell(Too much O2): may swell and burst.
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| Hypertonic | Higher concentration of the fluid in the cell(Not much O2): may crenation(shrink).
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| Positive Feedback | A process were the body is doing the it over and over again. Ex: Child birth, lactation, and blood clotting.
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| Negative Feedback | Body trying to fix the problem to maintain homeostasis balance to the body. Ex: Blood pressure.
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| Neoplasm | New growth.
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| Predisposing | More likely.
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| Passive Transport | No input of Energy(force).
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| Active Transport | Pumps from low concentration to high concentration needs energy.
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| Plasma Membrane | Semipermeable-Contains 3 major ingredients: Double layer of Phospholipids embedded with Cholesterol and Proteins .
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| DNA-Gives traits, identity Double helix strand | Four nucleotides: Adenine(A)-Thymine(T)
Guanine(G)-Cytosine(C).
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| RNA-what reads it Single strand | Four nucleotides: Adenine(A)-Uracil(U)
Guanine(G)-Cytosine(C).
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| Anabolism | The building/assembling simple components into more complex ones.
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| Catabolism | The break down of complex chemical substances into simpler components. Such as food and nutrients to energy.
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| Adenosine Triphosphate | Generates energy to fuel cell activities.
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| Metabolism | All life-sustaining reactions that occur within the body which include Catabolism and Anabolism.
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| Nervous System | The system that processes sensory information.
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| Cardiovascular System | The system that delivers nutrients to body tissues.
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| Digestive System | The system that breaks down and absorbs food.
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| Integumentary System | The system that includes the fingernails.
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| Urinary System | The system that includes the bladder.
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| Skeletal System | The system that includes the joints.
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| Respiratory System | The system that delivers oxygen to the blood.
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| Lymphatic System | The system that includes the tonsils.
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| Anatomy | The study of structure.
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| Physiology | The study of function.
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| Pathology | The study of disease changes in organs and tissues.
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| Homeostasis | The maintenance of constant internal body state, equilibrium(balance).
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| Diaphragm | The thoracic and abdominal cavities.
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| Extracellular Fluid (ECF) | Fluid outside of cell...
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| Umbilical Region | Navel is found...
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| Cross section | The section of how the penny-shaped slice of a banana is cut.
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| Stem Cells | Cell that has the potential to develop in different types of cells.
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| Right Lower Quadrant | The right iliac is found in this region...
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| Anatomic Position | The body is upright and palms are facing forward.
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| Dorsal Cavity | Cranial(brain), Spinal cavity(spinal cord).
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| Ventral Cavity | Divided into 2 main cavity: Thoracic (chest), Abdominopelvic cavity(abdomen)
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| Abdominopelvic | Inferior to the diaphragm. Divided into 2 regions: Abdominal, Pelvic Cavities.
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| Frontal(Coronal) Plane | From left to right, dividing the body into anterior and posterior planes.
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| Abdominal Cavity | The ventral body cavity that contains the stomach, most of the intestine, the liver, and the spleen.
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| Epigastric Region (Inferior) | The inferiof region closest to the sternum(breastbone).
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| Diaphragm | Is the space between the lungs.
Separates the abdominopelvic cavity and thoracic cavity.
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| Nervous System | Reception of stimuli and control of responses: brain, spinal cord and nerves: eyes, ears, taste buds, and organs of smell. Receptors for pain, touch and sense, receive stimuli.
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| Skeletal System | Support: Contains 206 bones and the joints
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| Muscular System | Movement: attach to bones and body structure, protect the organs, and maintain posture.
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| Endocrine System | Produce special hormones: Regulate growth,food utilization in cells, reproduction: thyroid, pituitary, and adrenal glands.
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| Cardiovascular System | Contains the heart and blood vessels pumps blood to the tissues bringing nutrients, oxygen, needed substances. Can carry waste then discard them.
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| Digestive System | Involves in taking all the nutrients(food), for absorption: mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas.
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| Reproductive System | Production of offspring. Sex organs.
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| Integumentary System | A separate body system: skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands and oil glands.
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| Urinary System | Elimination of waste excess water: kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra.
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| Lymphatic System | Aids in circulation, immunity, and protect against disease from: tonsils, thymus gland, and spleen.
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| Circulatory System | The lymphatic and cardiovascular systems help make the....
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| Respiratory System | Intake of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide. Designed for gas exchange.
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| Sagittal Plane | From front to back, dividing the body into left and right parts.
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| Midsagittal Plane | Exactly down the midline.
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| Longitudinal Section | Parallel to long axis.
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| Oblique Section | At an angle.
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| Thoracic Cavity | Divided by the diaphragm, contains heart and lungs,and mediastinum.
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| Pelvic Cavity | Lower region containing reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and rectum.
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| Kilometers | 1,000 times. (1km = 1 meter)
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| Centimeters | (100cm = 1 metter)1/100th(0.01). There is 2.5cm = inch
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| Millimeters | 1/1,000th(0.001) (1,000ml = 1 liter)
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| Micrometer | 1/1,000,000(0.000001) meters
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| Meter | Basic units of length.
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| Gram | Basic units of weight.
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| Liter | Basic units of volume.
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| Temperature | Measured in Celsius(centigrade)
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| Mediastinum | Space between lungs and the organs contained in that space.
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| Hypogastric Region | The most inferior of all the midline regions.
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| Hypochondriac Region | Just inferior to the ribs.
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| Lumbar Region | The level with the lumbar regions of the spine between the thoracic vertebrae and sacrum.
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| Cytosol | Liquid portion of the cell.
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| Nucleotides | Building blocks of DNA and RNA.
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| Cells | Basic unit of all life.
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| Tissues | May function together as organs.
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| Organs Systems | Work together to maintain the body as a whole organism.
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| Organs | Work together for the same purpose to make up the body system.
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| Crenation | Shrinking of cell, as in the hypertonic solution.
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| Hemolysis | Red blood cells draw water and burst.
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| Mutation | Change in a gene or a chromosome. Usually harm the cell and cause cancer.
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| Cell Identity Markers | ID/Unique protein to the Immune System. Identity.
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| Transporters | Shuttles/drives to. Protein transport. Ex: glucose.
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| Receptors | Receives/accepts substances. Ex: hormones
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| Enzymes | Produce(Catalyst) speeds up action and /or reaction.
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| Channels | Gates that open to a specific area(opens/closes)Ex: Ions
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| Linkers | Gives structure and links/attaches(cell to cell)
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| Proteins | Located in the plasma membrane are: Channels, Transporters, Receptors, Enzymes, Linkers, and Cell Identity Markers.
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| Phospholipids | Lipids containing phosphorus protein: Cholesterol, Protein, Carbohydrates.
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| Cell Aging | Mutations(changes) in genes. Slows down cellular activity. Apoptosis-programmed death cells.
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| Microscope | Magnifying instrument to examine structures not visible to the naked eye.
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| Micrometer | Metric unit commonly used for microscopic measurement
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| Cancer | Cells turn into tumors that spread to other tissues.
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| Mitochondrion | Energy into nutrients to ATP.
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| Cancer Changes | Go through mutations(changes)uncontrollably spread of bad cells, over crowd and destroy all good nutrients. Slows down cellular activity.
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| Cancer Risk Factors | Heredity-Family, Chemical-Cigarettes, food, drugs, Ionizing Radiation-X-Rays, Ultra-Violet rays, Radioactive Substances. Physical Irritation-Damage to tissues, Viruses-Liver, blood, lymphatic tissues, and uterine cervix.
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| Scanning electron Microscope | Three-dimensional view.
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| Compound light Microscope | Most common microscope magnifies up to 1,000 times.
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| Transmission Electron | Up to 1 million times.
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| Supine | Body lying face up.
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| Prone | Body lying face down.
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| Superficial | Toward of on the surface of the body
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| Deep | Away from the surface of the body. (Within)
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| Distal | Farther away from the attachment of limb, nearer to the origination of structure.
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