US
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| Ultrasound is a common | deep heating agent that transfers heat through conversion,
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| elevates tissue temperature to depths up to | five centimeters, and uses inaudible acoustic mechanical vibrations of high frequency to produce thermal and nonthermal effects.
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| The main therapeutic effects of ultrasound include | enhanced soft tissue healing, decreased inflammatory response, and decreased pain.
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| Thermal effects: | Increase extensibility of collagen structures
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| Thermal effects: | Decrease joint stiffness
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| Thermal effects: | Pain relief
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| Thermal effects: | Increase blood flow
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| Thermal effects: | Decrease muscle spasm
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| Nonthermal effects: | Stimulation of tissue regeneration
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| Nonthermal effects: | Increase macrophage responsiveness
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| Nonthermal effects: | Pain relief
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| Nonthermal effects: | Soft tissue repair
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| Nonthermal effects: | Increase blood flow
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| Nonthermal effects: | Increase skin and cell membrane permeability
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| Indications | Soft tissue repair
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| Indications | Contracture
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| Indications | Bone fracture
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| Indications | Trigger point
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| Indications | Dermal ulcer
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| Indications | Scar tissue
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| Indications | Pain
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| Indications | Plantar wart
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| Indications | Muscle spasm
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| Contraindications | Over eyes
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| Contraindications | Over pregnant uterus
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| Contraindications | Over cemented prosthetic joint
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| Contraindications | Impaired circulation
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| Contraindications | Thrombophlebitis
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| Contraindications | Impaired pain or temperature sensory deficits
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| Contraindications | Over heart
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| Contraindications | Over testes
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| Contraindications | Over epiphyseal areas in children
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| Contraindications | Infection
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| Contraindications | Over malignancy
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| Ultrasound can be administered using | a pulsed or continuous mode.
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| Continuous mode ultrasound is more effective in elevating tissue temperature | where pulsed mode ultrasound conversely minimizes the thermal effects.
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| Duty cycle indicates the portion of treatment time that ultrasound is | generated during the entire treatment.
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| continuous ultrasound generates constant ultrasound waves that correlates to a | 100% duty cycle and produces thermal effects at a higher intensity and nonthermal effects at a lower intensity.
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| Pulsed ultrasound that generates ultrasound 20% of the treatment time correlates to a | 20% duty cycle and will produce nonthermal effects.
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| A frequency setting of 1 MHz is used for | heating of deeper tissues (up to five centimeters)
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| a setting of 3 MHz produces a | higher temperature with a depth of penetration of less than two centimeters.
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| Apply the coupling medium to the treatment area or | place the area to be treated under water if using the immersion technique.
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| Place the transducer on the treatment area or | one half inch parallel to the treatment area under water and then turn on the machine.
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| During the moving technique the transducer should | continuously move in a small circular pattern over the treatment area.
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| Maintain contact with the skin and | stay within the treatment area.
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| An area two to three times the size of the transducer | typically requires a duration of five minutes of treatment.
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| Intensity for continuous ultrasound is normally set between | .5 to 2 W/cm2 for thermal effects.
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| Pulsed ultrasound is normally set between | .5 to .75 W/cm2 with a 20% duty cycle for nonthermal effects.
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