Unit 6 Mr. Wilbur/Barbis: Chapter 22--RB 7
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| Atmosphere | Mixture of gases that surrounds the Earth; Protects Earth’s surface from sun’s radiation;Helps regulate temperature of Earth’s surface
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| Most abundant gaseous elements & percentages | Nitrogen (78%);Oxygen (21%);Argon (0.9%);Other (0.1%)
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| Most abundant compounds in atmosphere | Carbon Dioxide and Water Vapor
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| Nitrogen cycle | Removed from air by nitrogen-fixing bacteria;Changes nitrogen into nitrogen compounds;Animals eat plants that contain nitrogen;Nitrogen returned to the soil by decay of plants and animals or animal wastes;Also comes from lightning
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| What processes keep oxygen cycling through atmosphere | Photosynthesis: plants use sunlight, water & carbon dioxide to produce food & release oxygen;Precipitation
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| Importance of Ozone | Absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation from sun, protects living organisms from burn
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| Particulates in atmosphere (solid particles) | Volcanic dust, ash from fires, microscopic organisms, mineral particles
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| Atmospheric pressure | Force per unit area that is exerted on a surface by weight of the gases (gravity); Force exerted equally in all directions;99% of total mass within 32 km;Temperature decreases as pressure increases
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| Measuring atmospheric pressure | Millimeters or inches of mercury; millibars; barometer
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| Standard atmospheric pressure | 1 atmosphere = 760 mm of mercury = 1000 millibars (sea level = 1 atm)
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| Temperature inversion | Layering of warm air on top of cool air; warm air (less dense) cool air (more dense): can trap cool, polluted air beneath it.
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| Air pollution | Any substance in atmosphere that is harmful to people, animals, plants and/or property
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| 3 processes of energy movement throughout atmosphere | Conduction;Convection;Radiation
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| Conduction | Particle collision transfers energy (best in solids)
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| Convection | Flow of energy from high to low temperature due to unequal heating [convection cells, wind currents] distributes heat throughout troposphere
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| Radiation | All energy that Earth receives from sun travels through space from sun as waves; also electromagnetic waves; can travel through space; doesn’t need particles (medium) to go through
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| Albedo | Fraction of solar radiation that is reflected off the Earth’s surface of an object
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| Greenhouse effect & importance | Warming of surface and lower atmosphere of Earth that occurs when carbon dioxide , water vapor, & other gases in the air absorb & reradiate infrared radiation
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| wavelengths of energy given off by Earth vs. wavelengths of energy from Sun | Cloud cover keeps radiation from leaving atmosphere;Warm moisture/cold water
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| Insolation | Characteristics of Earth’s surface materials that affects amount of sunshine absorbed: Texture;Color;Composition;Clouds (absorb & keep heat in, keep Earth warmer)
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| Factors causing temperature variations in atmosphere | Unequal heating from sun’s radiation;Slight delays in absorption of energy and increase in temperature;Latitude, surface temperatures, time of day and year
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| Causes of air movement | Coriolis effect;Global winds;Local winds
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| Global Winds | Each hemisphere contains three looping patterns of air flow called convection cells; flows from poles to equator; also called prevailing winds
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| Outgassing | Origin of atmosphere gases vented by volcanoes; mostly water vapor (water, carbon dioxide, nitrogen); atmosphere mostly nitrogen/oxygen; most water vapor in oceans
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| Pauses | Place in atmosphere where temperature changes occur; cold in upper atmosphere since no particles to conduct heat (mesopause, stratopause)
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| Scattering | Particles & gas molecules reflect and bend solar rays
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| Reflected | Sun’s rays hit surface and bounce off
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| Absorbed | Sun’s rays absorbed by rocks, soil, and water
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| Texture, color, composition | Changes how rays are absorbed, refracted or reflected; water absorbs more energy than land; water vapor stores more heat
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| Coriolis Effect | Curving path due to Earth’s rotation;Circulation of atmosphere & ocean affected;Winds that blow from high pressure (low temperature) to low pressure areas
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| Prevailing winds | Winds that blow predominantly from a single general direction over a particular point on Earth's surface (named for area of Earth’s surface they are in): Westerlies;Polar Easterlies;Doldrums/horse latitudes
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| Convection cells | The three looping patterns of air flow in each hemisphere
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| Wind Belt | Winds that flow in one main direction
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| Jet Stream | Narrow band of strong winds that blow in the upper troposphere; can cross prevailing winds
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| Local winds | Winds on a smaller scale that global winds; gentle winds are breezes
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| Land Breeze | When land cools more rapidly (overnight) than the water does and sea breeze is replaced by land breeze; flows from cool land to warmer water
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| Sea Breeze | Warm air above land rises as cool air from above water moves in to replace warm air; flows from cool water to warmer land
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| Trade winds | Prevailing winds that blow from east to west from 30 degrees latitude to the equator in both hemispheres
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| Westerlies | Prevailing winds that blow from west to east between 30 and 60 degrees latitude in both hemispheres
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| Polar easterlies | Prevailing winds that blow from east to west between 60 and 90 degrees latitude in both hemispheres
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| Doldrums | Trade wind systems of the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere meet at the equator in a narrow zone
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| Horse Latitudes | Subtropical high-pressure zones where air approaches 30 degrees latitude and descends causing a high-pressure zone
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| Valley breeze | Warm air from valleys moves up slopes
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| Mountain breeze | At night, cool air descends from the mountain peaks
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| Land vs. sea | Land surfaces heat up faster than water
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