KH Exam !
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| Types Of Joints | Synarthrodial
Amphiarthrodial
Diarthrodial
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| Synarthrodial Joint | Essentially no movement and has fibrous sutures; sutures of skull
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| Amphiarthrosis Joint | Small amount of movement and is cartilaginous; symphysis pubis, intervertebral discs
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| Diarthrodial Joint | Freely moveable joint and has joint; articular cartilage gets nutrients from synovial fluid; 2 articular bones; has joint cavity; Example: Hip,knee,shoulder,elbow
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| Uniaxial Joint | One Axis; 1DF; Hinge for flex/ext;elbow and knee; Pivot for rotation in transverse plane; Axis C1 & C2, proximal radial/ulna jt
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| Biaxial Joint | Two Axis; 2DF; Condyloid flex/ext (Wrist) allows some abd/add (MP jts) radia/ulnar dev; Saddle joint concave surface meeting metacarpal of thumb flex/ext;abd/add ex. Thumb CMC
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| Triaxial Joint | multiaxial joint; 3DF motion occurs in all three axes; joint allows more motion; the ball and socket joint; 3 degrees of freedom; hip/shoulder
IR/ER/flex/ext/add/abd
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| Saggital Plane | Passes through the body from front to back and divides the body into right and left parts. Motions of this plane are flexion and extension. Axis Frontal
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| Frontal (coronal) Plane | Passes through body from side to side and divides the body into front and back parts. Motions of this plane are abd/add, radial/ulnar deviation, and eversion/inversion.
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| Transverse (horizontal plane)Plane | Passes through the body horizontally and divides the body into top and bottom parts. Motionsin this plane are medial/lateral rotation, supination/pronation, right/left rotation, and horizontal abd/ad. Axis Vertical/Longitundinal
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| Saggital Axis | runs through a joint from front to back. This is on the frontal plane.
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| Frontal Axis | runs through a joint from side to side. This is on the saggital plane.
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| Vertical/Longitudinal Axis | The point that runs through a joint from top to bottom. This is on the transverse plane.
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| Joint Movement | The axis is always perpendicular to the plane. Occurs in a plane and around an axis.
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| One Degree of Freedom | Uniaxial Joint; Motion around one plane and one axis; Elbow Joint (saggital plane)
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| Two Degrees of Freedom | Biaxial Joints; Motion around two planes; Wrist (sagittal and frontal planes)
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| Three Degrees of Freedom | Triaxial Joints; Hip joint moves in all 3 planes.
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| Lever | Rigid bar that can rotate about a fixed when point when a force is applied to overcome resistance.
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| Axis | a fixed point at which movement of a lever occurs.
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| Force | in the human body, this is usually muscular.
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| Resistance | in human motion, this includes the force opposing the movement of the lever.
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| Open Kinetic Chain | Distal segment moves freely; Example: 15 knee kicks, running, cybex, free weights
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| Closed Kinetic Chain | Distal segment moves fixed; Example: push ups, lunges, squats, crutch walking, pushing a wheelchair, bench press, stair stepper
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| Osteokinematics | Movement of the bone. This can be measured. Example: Flexion at the shoulder.
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| Arthorkinematics | Movement of the joint. This cannot be measured. This is usually found between joints.
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| Accessory(Ancillary)Motion | Normal inherent movement of a joint that cannot be reproduced voluntarily. It gives rise to 3D of freedom. Ex. You cannot physically rotate the knee on your own, the tibia has to rotate.
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| Rolling | This is where different parts of one bone touches different points of another. Occur for normal joint function. Ex. A ball rolling across the floor.
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| Gliding (Sliding) | Same point of one bone touches different points on another.
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| Spinning | Motion that occurs along the longitudinal axis of a bone.
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| Rule of Convex on Concave | When a convex bone moves on a concave bone you will get rolling and gliding in the opposite directions[(Humerus(convex)/glenoid(concave)].
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| Closed Pack Position | The position is locked in. Maximum tension and maximum congruence of joint surfaces. End of Range.
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| Open (Loose) Pack Position | The position has increased joint play, decreased congruency and joint capsule is on slack. The ligaments are not taut.
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| Types of Bones | Long bone
Short bone
Flat bone
Irregular bone
Sesamoid bone
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| Long Bone | length more than width (and tubular) ex. femur
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| Short bone | dimensions large surface articulates with more than one bone example: carpals and tarsals
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| Flat bone | broad and thin. examples: scapula, sternum, cranial bones (frontal, parietal)
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| Irregular | Same composite as flat bone. Example: Vertebra, sacrum, coccyx, mandible, facial bones
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| Sesmoid | a bone that forms within a tendon; example: patella and base of big toe
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| Structure of bone | Diaphysis
Epiphysis
Metaphysis
Endosteum
Periosteum
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| Diaphysis | shaft of long bone.
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| Epiphysis | ends of bone.
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| Metaphysis | lies between diaphysis and epiphysis. Functions to support the epiphysis.
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| Endosteum | lines medulary canal, responsible for resorption contains the osteoclast that break down bone tissue.
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| Periosteum | covering of the bone; very sensitive and provides a route for circulation (vascular) and nerve supply. Active in bone growth and repair
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| Types of Muscle (Parallel-fibered muscles) | Strap Muscles
Fusiform Muscles
Rhomboidal Muscles
Triangular Muscles
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| Types of Muscle (Oblique-fibered muscles) | Unipennate muscles
Bipennate muscles
Multipennate muscles
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| Strap Muscles | long and thin with fibers.
Example: rectus abdominus, sternocleidomastoid
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| Fusiform Muscles | Shaped like a spindle.
Example: biceps
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| Rhomboidal Muscles | four-sided, usually flat, with broad attachments at each end.
Example: rhomboids
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| Triangular Muscles | flat and fan shaped.
Example: Pectoralis major
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| Bipennate Muscles | looks like a common feather.
Example: rectus femoris (quad)
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| Unipennate Muscles | a series of short fibers. looks like one side of a feather. Example: tibialis posterior, semi membranous
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| Multipennate Muscles | many tendons with oblique fibers.
Example: deltoid and subscapularis
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| Active Insufficiency | When a muscle reaches a point it cannot shorten any further. Refers to the agonist (the muscle that is contracting)
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| Passive Insufficiency | When a muscle reaches a point it cannot be elongated any more without damage to the muscle fibers. Example: You cannot touch toes. Refers to the antagonist
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| Types of Muscle Contraction | Isometric
Isotonic
Isokinetic
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| Isometric | means same length, muscle contraction without joint motion; no change in muscle length
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| Isotonic | muscle contraction with joint angle changes; change in muscle length. Example: Flexing and extending the knee.
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| Concentric contraction | isotonic contraction causing the muscle to shorten and the muscle attachments to move closer together. Moves against gravity.
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| Eccentric contraction | isotonic contraction causing the muscle to lenghten and the muscle attachments to move farther apart. Moves with gravity.
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| Isokinetic | muscle contraction at a fixed velocity (speed) of movement with accommodating resistance. Must have machine.
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| Agonist (Prime Mover) | A muscle or muscle group that causes the motion. In elbow flexion the agonist is the biceps muscle.
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| Antagonist | a muscle that performs the opposite motion of the agonist. This works against agonist.In elbow flextion the antagonist is the triceps muscle.
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| Cocontraction | when the agonist and the antagonist muscles work at the same time. Occurs when there is a need for accuracy. When a person learns a new task. Example: tight rope walking
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| Stabilizer (fixator) | a muscle or muscle group that supports a part, or makes firm, a part that allows the agonist to work more efficiently.
Example: Abdominal muscles act to keep the trunk straight, while the arms move the trunk up and down.
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| Synergist | A muscle or muscle group that assists/works with another muscle to enhance a particular motion.
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| Neutralizer | A muscle or muscle group that contracts to prevent unwanted motion.
Example: Pronater teres resist when only want flexion.
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| First class lever | axis between(A)is located between the force (F) and the resistance (R).
Example: Playground seasaw, step up and step down
Quad (F) and Weight (R)and (A) knee axis
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| Second class lever | axis (A) at one end, resistance (R)in the middle (R), and the force (F)at the other end.
Example: ball of foot (A) and weight(R), insertion of achilles (F)
Example: Letting a weight down in your hand
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| Third class lever | axis (A) at one end, force (F)in middle, and the resistance (R) at the other end.
Example: Lifting a weight up your hand Elbow (A), biceps (F), weight (R)
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| Intrafusal fibers | Sensory Fiber. That detect the amount and rate of change of length in a muscle;detect stretch in the muscle spindle. Once the muscle has contracted the spindle stops sending the message, no longer feeling the stretch.
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| Extrafusal fibers | Motor Fiber. Skeletal muscle fibers that surround the intrafusal fibers. Contain actin and myosin for contraction. Innervated by efferent motor neurons. Generate tension by contracting, thereby allowing for skeletal movement.
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| Basal Ganglia | the grey matter in the cerebrum. Initiates learned movement. No conscious thought needed. Control rhythmic movement, i.e. golf swing
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| Cerebellum | modulates motor activity,does not initiate movement. controls equilibrium, has the ability to make adjustment to correct errors.
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| Sensory Neuron (Afferent) | dendrite brings messages to the cell body. Is always on the posterior side. Messages travel into the posterior horn. Conducts toward.
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| Motor Neuron (Efferent) | has a multipolar cell body and has many dendrites to receive info. Located on the anterior horn. Conducts away.
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| Muscle Spindle | Specialized fibers that contract to prevent overstretching. Triggers the stretch reflex.
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| Bucket Handle Motion | a change in medial-lateral chest diameter. refers to the ribs, bucket handle of rib cage, expand up and out and settle back down.
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| Pump Handle Motion | a change in anterior-posterior diameter of the chest. Occurs at the sternum.
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| Functions Intervertebral Disc | Absorb shock
Transmit shock
Maintain flexibility
Provide 25% of spinal column height
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| Supraspinous Ligament | from C7 to sacrum. Also called ligamentum Nuchae in C1-C7. Example: whiplash injury
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| Intertransverse Ligament | Transverse process to transverse process. Connecting transverse process.
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| The Cervical Spine | Body is small oval, transverse process foramen for vertebral artery; laterally.
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| The Thoracic Spine | body diameter is intermediate, circle/heart shaped. Spinous process point downward, facets on body for rib articulation only. Transverse process for ribs.
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| The Lumbar Spine | Body is large, big, heavy bulky. No foramen or articulation. Thick, point posteriorly.
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| Fast Twitch | can sustain only short, anaerobic bursts of activity before muscle contraction becomes painful
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| Slow Twitch | It can carry more oxygen and sustain aerobic activity. aerobic muscles
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| Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO) | Relaxation to prolonged stretch. Help protect the tendon from excessive tension. (passive stretching that could cause rupture) Can be made to stretch by passive stretch.
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| Vertebral Joint Motions | Flexion/Extension/Hyperextension/Lateral bending/Rotation
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| White Matter | myelinated,main sensory area
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| Grey Matter | unmyelinated contains the nerve cell bodies and location of synapse
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| Pelvic Tilt | back pain, posterior tilt; anterior tilt lumbar angle decreases (pregnant and lean forward)
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| Pelvic Anterior Tilt | occurs when the pelvis tilts foward, moving the ASIS anterior to the pubic symphysis.
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| Pelvic Posterior Tilt | occurs when the pelvis tilts backward, moving the ASIS posterior to the pubic symphysis.
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| Robert Taylor Drinks Coffee Black | Roots Trunk Divisions Cords Branches
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| Syndesmosis | Small amount of twisting or stretching movement.
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| Synarthosis | bones united by a thin sheath of fibrous tissue.
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| Concave on Convex | Move in the same direction
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| Convex on Concave | Move in the opposite direction
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| Aponoeurosis and Fascia | broad tendinous sheath that may serve as an attachment for a muscle.
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| Hyaline Cartilage | avascular; aneural and it's found at ends of bone.Provides for smooth surface and distributes over a large area.
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| Fibrocartilage | Found in weight bearing joint and are good shock absorbers;
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| Functions of Skeletal System | gives support and shape to n
site for blood manufacturing
site for storage of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium
Protects vital organs
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| Ligaments | connect bone to bone
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| tendons | connect muscle to bone
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| bursa | synovial membrane lined sac with fluid, reduces friction 2 surfaces
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| Closed Pack Postion of Joints | Elbow at 90 degrees (closed pack)
Hip full extension and medial rotation (closed pack)
Knee (full extension and lateral rotation of tibia)
Glenohumeral (Abduction and lateral rotation)
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| Congruent | the joint surfaces have maximum contact with each other , are tightly compressed and are difficult to distract (separate)
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