cardio6 cardiacfacts
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| Cardiac Output: | the amount of blood pumped out of the heart through the aorta each minute. adult male at rest normal is 5.6 L/min with women producing 10 to 20% less. during extensive exercise cardiac output to upwards of 25 L/min.
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| Cardiac output = . | stroke volume (x) heart rate
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| Venous Return: | Venous return is the amount of blood that comes from the veins to the right atrium each minute. This is similar in volume to the cardiac output.
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| Stroke Volume: | Stroke volume is the amount of blood ejected from the ventricles with each contraction. Factors that can influence stroke volume include “preload” (influenced by end-diastolic volume), “afterload,” and contractility.
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| Cardiac Index: | The cardiac index is the amount of blood pumped out of the heart per minute per square meter of body mass. Normal cardiac index ranges between 2.5 to 4.2 liters/min/meter2.
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| Blood Volume: | Blood volume in an adult is usually 7-8% of their body weight. The blood is pumped through the body at 30 cm/sec with a total circulation time of 20 seconds.
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| Modifiable Factors: | Cholesterol – greater than 200 mg/dL, Hypertension , Smoking, Atherogenic diet , Culture , Physical inactivity, Stress
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| Non-Modifiable Factors Cardiac Pathology | • Age – risk increases with age • Sex – male > female (after menopause female equal to male) • Family history • Culture
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| Secondary Factors Cardiac Pathology | • Alcohol consumption • Obesity • Coping with stress • Diabetes mellitus • Peripheral vascular disease
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| Symptoms of Cardiac Pathology | • Chest pain • Shortness of breath • Cardiac arrhythmia (palpitation) • Fainting • Claudication • Cyanosis of lips and nailbeds • Fatigue • Edema
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| Symptoms of Myocardial Infarction | • Severe chest pain • Chest heaviness • Radiating pain down one or both arms • Weakness • Nausea • Vomiting • Diaphoresis • Shortness of breath
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| diagnosis of MI | • Abnormal ECG • Elevation in enzyme level–– Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) –– Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) –– Lactate dehydrogenase
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