metabolism
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| refers to all chemical reactions of the body and is of two types | show 🗑
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| show | Catabolism and Anabolism
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| term for reactions that BREAK DOWN complex organic compounds into simpler ones | show 🗑
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| show | Anabolism
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| ___ reactions are exergonic - they PRODUCE more than they consume | show 🗑
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| ___ reactions are endergonic - they CONSUME more energy than they produce | show 🗑
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| show | Glycolysis, Kreb's Cycle, Electron Transport Chain
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| show | Protein Synthesis (peptide bond formation), Building Fatty Acids into phospholipid bilayer (cell membrane), Glycogen Synthesis from glucose
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| show | ATP - "energy currency" molecule of the cell
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| show | Catabolic
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| ___ reactions SPEND ATP | show 🗑
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| show | oxidation-reduction reactions, and ATP generation
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| the removal of electrons from an atom; the result is a Decrease in the potential energy of the atom or molecule | show 🗑
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| oxidation-reduction reactions usually involves loss of ___ atoms in biological systems, therefore called DEHYDROGENATION reactions | show 🗑
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| show | NAD & FAD
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| show | electron transport chain
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| is usually an exergonic reaction (energy-releasing) | show 🗑
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| show | oxidation
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| show | phosphorylation
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| ATP generation, in animals, occurs by: | show 🗑
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| show | substrate-level phosphorylation
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| substrate-level phosphorylation occurs in the ___ of cell | show 🗑
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| show | oxidative phosphorylation
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| oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the ___ ___ membrane of cells | show 🗑
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| show | glucose (about 80%), fructose, & galactose
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| show | hepatocytes (liver cells)
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| show | 1. ATP production 2. Amino acid synthesis 3. Glycogen synthesis 4. Triglyceride synthesis (lipogenesis)
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| the body's preferred source for synthesis of ATP | show 🗑
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| show | glycogen
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| when glycogen storage areas are filled up, liver and muscle cells converts glucose to ___ & ___ that can be used for lipogenesis (tri synthesis) | show 🗑
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| show | adipose tissue
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| how does glucose enter cells? | show 🗑
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| Glucose absorption in GIT & kidney tubules accomplished via this | show 🗑
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| a high level of insulin increases the insertion of ___ into plasma membranes of most body cells, thereby increasing rate of facilitated diffusion of glucose into cells | show 🗑
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| show | GluT
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| show | cellular respiration
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| show | 1. glycolysis
2. formation of acetyl CoA
3. Kreb's cycle
4. electron transport chain
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| show | Glycolysis
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| show | 10
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| show | cytosol
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| show | phosphofructokinase
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| show | ADP; glycogen
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| fate of pyruvic acid depends on availability of ___ | show 🗑
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| show | lactic
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| show | acetyl coA; mitochondrial matrix
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| under ___ conditions, pyruvic acid enters the mitochondria, converted into ___, and enters the ___ | show 🗑
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| show | enters Kreb's cycle in matrix (middle)of mitochondria
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| show | Kreb's cycle
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| show | NAD+ and FAD
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| show | 1. ATP production 2. formation/release of CO2 3. production of reduced coenzymes for energy storage
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| for each molecule of pyruvic acid that is converted to acetyl coA and then enters the Krebs cycle produces __ molecules of CO2, __ molecules of NADH and H+, __ molecule of FADH2, and __ molecule of ATP | show 🗑
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| show | NADH and FADH2
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| show | passes along the electron transport chain
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| show | a series of electron carriers in inner mitochondrial membrane; a series of oxidation-reduction rx where energy in NADH and FADH2 is liberated and transferred to ATP
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| show | H+
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| in ___, ATP is produced when H+ flows/diffuses back inside mitochondrial matrix; it links chemical reactions with the pumping of H+ ions | show 🗑
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| show | cytochromes, CoQ, and FMN
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| show | electrons to oxygen
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| cellular respiration of 1 molecule of glucose produces ___ ATPs and ___ CO2; and uses __ O2 | show 🗑
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| show | used for synthesis of glycogen, and produced by breakdown of proteins and lipids
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| except for glycolysis, which occurs in the ___, all other reactions of cellular respiration occur within the ___ | show 🗑
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| synthesis of glycogen; conversion of Glucose to Glycogen for storage in the liver and skeletal muscle | show 🗑
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| glycogenesis stimulated by | show 🗑
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| conversion/breakdown of glycogen to glucose; occurs between meals | show 🗑
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| glycogenolysis stimulated by | show 🗑
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| show | glycolysis
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| when body requires ATP, glycogen stored in hepatocytes is broken down into glucose and released into blood | show 🗑
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| conversion of noncarbohydrate molecules into glucose; making new glucose from proteins and fats | show 🗑
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| show | glycogen
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| the glycerol portion of ___, ___ acid, & certain ___ acids are converted in the liver to glucose | show 🗑
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| show | water
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| show | proteins
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| show | lipoproteins
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| lipoproteins are spherical particles with an outer shell of __, __, & __ molecules surrounding an inner core of __ & other lipids | show 🗑
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| 4 lipoprotein categories and named according to density; those containing more protein are more dense | show 🗑
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| transport ingested lipids to adipose tissue for storage | show 🗑
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| show | VLDLs
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| show | LDLs
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| deposit cholesterol in smooth muscle of arteries forming fatty plaques; aka BAD cholesterol | show 🗑
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| remove excess cholesterol from body cells and take it to liver for elimination; aka GOOD cholesterol | show 🗑
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| show | lipoproteins
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| show | liver
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| show | cell membranes
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| show | steroid hormones and bile
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| as total cholesterol levels __, the risk of coronary artery disease __ | show 🗑
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| fate of lipids: may be __ to produce __ | show 🗑
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| fate of lipids: stored in ___ tissue and in liver | show 🗑
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| fate of lipids: used to synthesize other substances like ___ & ___ | show 🗑
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| 2 essential fatty acids that the body cannot synthesize are ___ acid and ___ acid; they must be provided in ___ | show 🗑
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| triglycerides stored in ___ tissue constitutes ___% of all body energy reserves | show 🗑
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| show | lipolysis
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| lipolysis stimulated by | show 🗑
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| show | adipose cells & hepatocytes
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| lipolysis generates more ATP than | show 🗑
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| show | glucose, Krebs cycle
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| fate of glycerol and fatty acids: fatty acids may undergo ___ oxidation to produce acetyl CoA which may be used by liver cells to produce ___ bodies | show 🗑
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| fate of glycerol and fatty acids: fatty acids, alternatively, may undergo beta oxidation and enter Kreb's cycle as ___ ___ | show 🗑
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| the synthesis of lipids from glucose or amino acids; making of fat | show 🗑
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| lipogenesis occurs in | show 🗑
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| lipogenesis stimulated by | show 🗑
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| show | proteins
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| show | carbohydrates
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| instead amino acids (produced from protein catabolism) are either ___ to produce ATP or used to synthesize new ___ | show 🗑
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| excess amino acids are not excreted in urine or feces but instead are converted into ___ or ___ | show 🗑
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| fate of proteins: biological catalysts (they function as ___) | show 🗑
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| fate of proteins: transportators of membrane proteins, ___ and ___ | show 🗑
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| fate of proteins: defense against disease (serve as ___ & ___) | show 🗑
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| show | collagen, elastin & keratin
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| show | cortisol
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| proteins from worn-out cells (such as RBCs) are broken down into ___ and recycled | show 🗑
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| ___ convert amino acids to fatty acids, ketone bodies or glucose | show 🗑
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| show | oxidize, deaminated
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| show | deamination
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| show | ammonia
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| the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids to produce new proteins | show 🗑
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| show | ribosomes
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| show | glucose 6-phospate, pyruvic acid, and acetyl CoA
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| show | glucose
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| fates of these 3 molecules depend on ___ or ___ status of individual (how long it's been since we ate) | show 🗑
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| metabolism depends on how much ___ has passed since the last meal | show 🗑
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| show | absorptive state
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| during the ___ ___, absorption of nutrients from the GIT is complete, and energy needs must be met by fuels already in the body | show 🗑
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| show | 4
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| show | 12
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| the effects of __ dominate in the absorptive state | show 🗑
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| the effects of ___, ___, ___ dominate in the postabsorptive state | show 🗑
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| show | anabolism, catabolism
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| insulin effects in absorptive state: promotes entry of ___ and ___ into cells of many tissues | show 🗑
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| insulin effects in absorptive state: stimulates conversion of ___ to ___ in liver and muscle cells | show 🗑
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| insulin effects in absorptive state: stimulates synthesis of ___ in liver and adipose tissue | show 🗑
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| insulin effects in absorptive state: stimulates ___ synthesis in cells throughout body | show 🗑
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| during postabsorptive state, maintaining a steady level of ___ ___ is critical because the nervous system and RBCs can only safely use glucose for energy | show 🗑
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| show | blood/brain; mitochondria
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| glycogenolysis and ___ provide most energy needs (in postabsorptive state) | show 🗑
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| show | cellular respiration
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| cellular respiration consists of: | show 🗑
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| show | True
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| the conversion of glucose into pyruvic acid; anaerobic cellular respiration | show 🗑
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| show | krebs cycle
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| show | electron transport chain
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| glucose converted into glycogen for storage | show 🗑
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| show | glycogenolysis
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| conversion of amino acids, glycerol, and lactic acid into glucose | show 🗑
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| show | fatty acids and ketone bodies
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| ketone body production increases as catabolism of __ rises | show 🗑
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| by the second day of a fast, the level of __ has risen fourfold due to ___ | show 🗑
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| show | production
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| show | temperature, calories
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| show | calorie
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| show | kilocalorie or Calorie
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| show | True
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| a core temp that is too __ causes cardiac arrythmias | show 🗑
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| show | high
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| show | 1. exercise 2. thyroid hormone 3. stress 4. fever 5. ingestion of food 6. youth
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| heat exchange that occurs between substances/molecules in direct contact with each other | show 🗑
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| transfer of heat by the movement of a fluid (gas or liquid) between areas of different temps [transfer of heat to air or water in contact with the body] | show 🗑
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| show | radiation
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| conversion of liquid to a vapor; heat lost in this process | show 🗑
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| control center that functions as the body's thermostat | show 🗑
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| show | heat-losing center (decreases body temp) and heat-promoting center (increase body temp)
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| show | vasoconstriction in skin (slows heat loss); release of E & NE (which increases cellular metabolism); and Shivering (which increases heat production)
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| show | remains constant
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| energy intake depends on ___ of food consumed; affluent nations have more obese people | show 🗑
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| factors that affect food intake | show 🗑
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| show | hypothalamus
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| show | growth and repair
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| show | water, carbs, lipids, proteins, vitamins & minerals
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| guidelines for healthy eating: | show 🗑
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| Major role of ___ is to regulate enzymatic reactions ie. Ca, Fe, Mg, Manganese | show 🗑
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| show | calcium and phosphorous
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| minerals also work in ___ systems to control pH (Na+, P), and to regulate ___ of water (Na+); and are involved in generation of ___ impulses | show 🗑
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| show | minerals
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| show | vitamins
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| show | vitamins
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| show | C, E, and beta carotene
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| 2 major groups of vitamins | show 🗑
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| absorbed with fats/lipids and include A, D, E, and K | show 🗑
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| are dissolved in body fluids (with excess eliminated thru urine) and include several B vitamins and vitamin C | show 🗑
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| show | hypothalamus
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| the three key molecules of metabolism are ___, ___, and ___. | show 🗑
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| Vitamins A, B, D and K are fat-soluble vitamins. True or False? | show 🗑
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| NAD+ and FAD are: | show 🗑
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| show | 1. a 6-carbon glucose is split into 2 3-carbon pyruvic acids 2. there is a net gain of 2 ATP molecules 3. 2 NADH molecules are oxidized (FALSE) 4. moderatly high levels of O2 are needed (FALSE) 5. activity of PFK determines rate of the chemical rx
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| show | 1. vitamin synthesis (FALSE) 2. amino acid synthesis 3. gluconeogenesis (FALSE) 4. glycogenesis 5. lipogenesis
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| show | glycolysis, formation of acetyl CoA, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain
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| you would NOT experience the following during fasting or starvation: | show 🗑
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| show | 1. dilation of vessels in skin 2. + radiation & conduction of heat to environment 3. + metabolic rate (FALSE) 4. evaporation of perspiration 5. + secretion of Thyroid hormones (FALSE)
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| the following situations would increase the metabolic rate: | show 🗑
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| which of the following are absorptive state reactions? | show 🗑
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| show |
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| phosphofructokinase | show 🗑
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| insulin | show 🗑
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| show | glcyogenolysis
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| show | gluconeogenesis
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| E, NE, and cortisol, and thyroid hormones | show 🗑
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| show | lipogenesis
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| cortisol | show 🗑
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| show | absorptive state
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| glucagon, E and NE | show 🗑
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| foods that we eat are used to supply energy forlife processes, serve as building blocks for synthesis rx, or are stored for future use. | show 🗑
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| DELIVER CHOLESTEROL TO BODY CELLS for use in repair of membranes and synthesis of steroid hormones and bile salts | show 🗑
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| show | HDL
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| TRANSPORT endogenous lipids to ADIPOCYTES FOR STORAGE | show 🗑
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| show | Cytochromes
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| ORGANIC nutrients required in small amounts for growth and normal metabolism | show 🗑
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| INORGANIC substances that perform many vital functions | show 🗑
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| show | Glucose
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| show | Lipids
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| composed of Amino Acids and are the primary regulatory molecules in the body | show 🗑
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| energy-transferring molecule of the body | show 🗑
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| hormone secreted by adipocytes that acts to decrease total body-fat mass | show 🗑
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| show | neuropeptide Y
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| acetoacidic acid, hydroxybutyric acid, and acetone | show 🗑
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| refers to all chemical reactions in the body | show 🗑
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| EXERGONIC chemical reaction that BREAKS DOWN complex organic molecules into simpler ones | show 🗑
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| show | Anabolism
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Created by:
girlvo