metabolism
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| show | Metabolism
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| two types of metabolic reactions | show 🗑
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| show | Catabolism
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| term for reactions that COMBINE simple molecules into more complex ones | show 🗑
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| ___ reactions are exergonic - they PRODUCE more than they consume | show 🗑
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| show | Anabolic
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| show | Glycolysis, Kreb's Cycle, Electron Transport Chain
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| show | Protein Synthesis (peptide bond formation), Building Fatty Acids into phospholipid bilayer (cell membrane), Glycogen Synthesis from glucose
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| coupling of catabolism and anabolism occurs via ___ and is the most frequently used | show 🗑
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| ___ reactions PRODUCE ATP (ADP + P + energy) | show 🗑
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| ___ reactions SPEND ATP | show 🗑
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| show | oxidation-reduction reactions, and ATP generation
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| show | Oxidation
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| oxidation-reduction reactions usually involves loss of ___ atoms in biological systems, therefore called DEHYDROGENATION reactions | show 🗑
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| in animal cells, electrons and hydrogen are usually transferred to ___ & ___ (the 2 coenzymes commonly used by animal cells to carry hydrogen atoms) | show 🗑
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| show | electron transport chain
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| is usually an exergonic reaction (energy-releasing) | show 🗑
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| energy released during ___ reactions is captured within a cell when ATP is formed | show 🗑
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| (ADP + P = ATP) Addition of phosphate group to a molecule is termed ___, and increases its potential energy | show 🗑
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| show | substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation
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| generates ATP by direct transfer of a high-energy phosphate group (from a substrate) directly to ADP | show 🗑
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| show | cytosol
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| show | oxidative phosphorylation
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| oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the ___ ___ membrane of cells | show 🗑
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| show | glucose (about 80%), fructose, & galactose
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| show | hepatocytes (liver cells)
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| show | 1. ATP production 2. Amino acid synthesis 3. Glycogen synthesis 4. Triglyceride synthesis (lipogenesis)
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| the body's preferred source for synthesis of ATP | show 🗑
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| storage form of glucose in liver & muscle cells | show 🗑
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| show | glycerol & fatty acids
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| show | adipose tissue
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| how does glucose enter cells? | show 🗑
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| Glucose absorption in GIT & kidney tubules accomplished via this | show 🗑
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| a high level of insulin increases the insertion of ___ into plasma membranes of most body cells, thereby increasing rate of facilitated diffusion of glucose into cells | show 🗑
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| ___ transporters DO NOT INCREASE in number in response to insulin in hepatocytes and neurons | show 🗑
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| show | cellular respiration
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| cellular respiration involves four sets of reactions | show 🗑
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| show | Glycolysis
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| show | 10
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| glycolysis occurs in the ___ when phosphofructokinase activity is high | show 🗑
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| show | phosphofructokinase
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| show | ADP; glycogen
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| show | O2
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| show | lactic
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| when oxygen is high, ___ is produced; this reaction occurs inside the ___ ___ | show 🗑
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| show | aerobic; acetyl coA; Kreb's cycle
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| show | enters Kreb's cycle in matrix (middle)of mitochondria
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| consists of a series of 8 oxidation-reduction reactions & decarboxylation reaction that release CO2 | show 🗑
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| in the Kreb's cycle, the oxidation-reduction reactions transfer chemical energy, in the form of electrons, to 2 coenzymes - | show 🗑
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| show | 1. ATP production 2. formation/release of CO2 3. production of reduced coenzymes for energy storage
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| show | 3; 4; 1; 1
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| show | NADH and FADH2
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| show | passes along the electron transport chain
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| the electron transport chain is: | show 🗑
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| show | H+
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| show | chemiosmosis
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| show | cytochromes, CoQ, and FMN
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| show | electrons to oxygen
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| cellular respiration of 1 molecule of glucose produces ___ ATPs and ___ CO2; and uses __ O2 | show 🗑
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| other fates of glucose | show 🗑
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| show | cytosol, mitochondria
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| synthesis of glycogen; conversion of Glucose to Glycogen for storage in the liver and skeletal muscle | show 🗑
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| show | insulin
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| show | glycogenolysis
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| glycogenolysis stimulated by | show 🗑
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| show | glycolysis
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| when body requires ATP, glycogen stored in hepatocytes is broken down into glucose and released into blood | show 🗑
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| show | glyconeogenesis
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| gluconeogenesis occurs when liver is low on __ | show 🗑
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| the glycerol portion of ___, ___ acid, & certain ___ acids are converted in the liver to glucose | show 🗑
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| most lipids, such as triglycerides, are nonpolar and do not dissolve in ___ | show 🗑
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| show | proteins
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| the lipid and protein combination formed are called __ | show 🗑
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| lipoproteins are spherical particles with an outer shell of __, __, & __ molecules surrounding an inner core of __ & other lipids | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Chylomicrons 2. VLDL 3. LDL 4. HDL
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| show | Chylomicrons
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| transport triglycerides synthesized in hepatocytes to adipocytes for storage | show 🗑
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| show | LDLs
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| deposit cholesterol in smooth muscle of arteries forming fatty plaques; aka BAD cholesterol | show 🗑
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| remove excess cholesterol from body cells and take it to liver for elimination; aka GOOD cholesterol | show 🗑
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| transport lipids in the bloodstream | show 🗑
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| most cholesterol made by the ___, but it is also present in some foods | show 🗑
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| show | cell membranes
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| show | steroid hormones and bile
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| as total cholesterol levels __, the risk of coronary artery disease __ | show 🗑
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| fate of lipids: may be __ to produce __ | show 🗑
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| show | adipose
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| fate of lipids: used to synthesize other substances like ___ & ___ | show 🗑
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| 2 essential fatty acids that the body cannot synthesize are ___ acid and ___ acid; they must be provided in ___ | show 🗑
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| triglycerides stored in ___ tissue constitutes ___% of all body energy reserves | show 🗑
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| show | lipolysis
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| show | E, NE, & cortisol
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| lipolysis occurs in | show 🗑
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| lipolysis generates more ATP than | show 🗑
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| fate of glycerol and fatty acids: glycerol may be used to produce ___ or converted to acetyl CoA for use in the __ __ | show 🗑
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| show | beta, ketone
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| show | acetyl CoA
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| the synthesis of lipids from glucose or amino acids; making of fat | show 🗑
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| show | liver and adipose cells
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| lipogenesis stimulated by | show 🗑
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| during digestion, ___ are broken down into amino acids | show 🗑
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| unlike ___ and triglycerides (lipids), which are stored, proteins are not stored | show 🗑
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| show | oxidized, proteins
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| excess amino acids are not excreted in urine or feces but instead are converted into ___ or ___ | show 🗑
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| show | enzymes
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| show | globulins and hemoglobin
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| fate of proteins: defense against disease (serve as ___ & ___) | show 🗑
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| fate of proteins: structural support | show 🗑
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| show | cortisol
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| proteins from worn-out cells (such as RBCs) are broken down into ___ and recycled | show 🗑
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| show | hepatocytes
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| in order for body cells to ___ amino acids to produce ATP, they must be ___ by liver cells | show 🗑
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| show | deamination
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| show | ammonia
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| show | protein anabolism
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| show | ribosomes
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| show | glucose 6-phospate, pyruvic acid, and acetyl CoA
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| glucose 6-phosphate produced from ___ after it enters cells | show 🗑
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| show | nutritional or activity
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| show | time
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| during the ___ ___, ingested nutrients are entering bloodstream, and glucose is readily available for ATP production | show 🗑
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| show | postabsorptive state
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| most meals require ___ hours for absorption | show 🗑
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| show | 12
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| the effects of __ dominate in the absorptive state | show 🗑
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| show | glucagon, E, and NE
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| insulin effects in absorptive state: stimulates ___ and decreases ___ | show 🗑
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| show | glucose, amino acids
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| show | glucose to glycogen
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| show | triglycerides
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| insulin effects in absorptive state: stimulates ___ synthesis in cells throughout body | show 🗑
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| show | blood glucose
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| fatty acids can not pass __ barrier; RBCs have no ___ | show 🗑
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| glycogenolysis and ___ provide most energy needs (in postabsorptive state) | show 🗑
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| complete oxidation of glucose to produce ATP | show 🗑
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| cellular respiration consists of: | show 🗑
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| show | True
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| the conversion of glucose into pyruvic acid; anaerobic cellular respiration | show 🗑
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| cycle includes a series of oxidation-reduction reactions in which coenzymes (NAD+ and FAD) pick up H+; aerobic | show 🗑
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| third set of reactions in glucose catabolism in which electrons are passed from one carrier to the next, and most of the ATP is produced; aerobic | show 🗑
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| glucose converted into glycogen for storage | show 🗑
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| glycogen converted into glucose | show 🗑
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| show | gluconeogenesis
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| during fasting and starvation, ___ and ___ are increasingly utilized for ATP production | show 🗑
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| show | fatty acids
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| by the second day of a fast, the level of __ has risen fourfold due to ___ | show 🗑
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| heat loss must equal rate of heat __ (by metabolism) | show 🗑
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| heat is measured as __ and expressed in units called ___ | show 🗑
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| show | calorie
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| show | kilocalorie or Calorie
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| show | True
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| a core temp that is too __ causes cardiac arrythmias | show 🗑
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| a core temp that is too __ kills by denaturing cody proteins | show 🗑
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| show | 1. exercise 2. thyroid hormone 3. stress 4. fever 5. ingestion of food 6. youth
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| show | conduction
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| show | convection
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| show | radiation
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| conversion of liquid to a vapor; heat lost in this process | show 🗑
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| show | hypothalamus
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| show | heat-losing center (decreases body temp) and heat-promoting center (increase body temp)
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| responses that produce, conserve, or retain heat when core temp falls are: | show 🗑
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| when energy content of food equals energy used by cells of body, weight ___ ___ | show 🗑
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| show | amount
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| factors that affect food intake | show 🗑
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| control center in brain for food intake | show 🗑
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| body uses nutrients for __ maintenance and ___ | show 🗑
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| show | water, carbs, lipids, proteins, vitamins & minerals
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| show | use sugars, salt, sodium and alcohol in moderation; eat a variety of foods; get plenty of fruit, veg, & grains; maintain healthy weight; and choose foods low in fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol
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| show | minerals
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| most abundant minerals in body and forms part of bone matrix | show 🗑
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| minerals also work in ___ systems to control pH (Na+, P), and to regulate ___ of water (Na+); and are involved in generation of ___ impulses | show 🗑
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| show | minerals
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| are organic | show 🗑
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| most serve as coenzymes, and only required in small amounts | show 🗑
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| 3 vitamins that are antioxidants ___ inactivate oxygen-free radicals | show 🗑
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| show | fat-soluble and water-soluble
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| show | fat-soluble vitamins
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| are dissolved in body fluids (with excess eliminated thru urine) and include several B vitamins and vitamin C | show 🗑
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| show | hypothalamus
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| show | glucose 6 phosphate, pyruvic acid, acetyl CoA
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| show | False
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| NAD+ and FAD are: | show 🗑
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| show | 1. a 6-carbon glucose is split into 2 3-carbon pyruvic acids 2. there is a net gain of 2 ATP molecules 3. 2 NADH molecules are oxidized (FALSE) 4. moderatly high levels of O2 are needed (FALSE) 5. activity of PFK determines rate of the chemical rx
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| show | 1. vitamin synthesis (FALSE) 2. amino acid synthesis 3. gluconeogenesis (FALSE) 4. glycogenesis 5. lipogenesis
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| show | glycolysis, formation of acetyl CoA, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain
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| you would NOT experience the following during fasting or starvation: | show 🗑
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| show | 1. dilation of vessels in skin 2. + radiation & conduction of heat to environment 3. + metabolic rate (FALSE) 4. evaporation of perspiration 5. + secretion of Thyroid hormones (FALSE)
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| show | 1. after ingesting foods 2. + secretion of thyroid hormones 3. sleep (no, this lowers MR) 4. parasympathetic nervous system stimulation (no, sympathetic) 5. fever
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| show | 1. aerobic cellular respiration 2. glycogenesis 3. glycogenolysis (False) 4. gluconeogenesis using lactic acid (False) 5. lipolysis (False)
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| show |
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| phosphofructokinase | show 🗑
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| insulin | show 🗑
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| glucagon and Epinephrine | show 🗑
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| cortisol and glucagon | show 🗑
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| E, NE, and cortisol, and thyroid hormones | show 🗑
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| insulin | show 🗑
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| cortisol | show 🗑
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| insulin | show 🗑
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| show | postabsorptive state
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| show | TRUE
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| DELIVER CHOLESTEROL TO BODY CELLS for use in repair of membranes and synthesis of steroid hormones and bile salts | show 🗑
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| show | HDL
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| show | VLDL
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| CARRIERS of electrons in the electron transport chain | show 🗑
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| ORGANIC nutrients required in small amounts for growth and normal metabolism | show 🗑
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| show | Minerals
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| show | Glucose
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| show | Lipids
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| composed of Amino Acids and are the primary regulatory molecules in the body | show 🗑
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| show | ATP
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| hormone secreted by adipocytes that acts to decrease total body-fat mass | show 🗑
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| neurotransmitter that stimulates food intake | show 🗑
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| acetoacidic acid, hydroxybutyric acid, and acetone | show 🗑
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| refers to all chemical reactions in the body | show 🗑
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| show | Catabolism
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| ENDERGONIC chemical reaction that COMBINES SIMPLE molecules to make more complex ones | show 🗑
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