ch 25 metabolism Word Scramble

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Question	Answer
refers to all chemical reactions of the body and is of two types	Metabolism
two types of metabolic reactions	Catabolism and Anabolism
term for reactions that BREAK DOWN complex organic compounds into simpler ones	Catabolism
term for reactions that COMBINE simple molecules into more complex ones	Anabolism
___ reactions are exergonic - they PRODUCE more than they consume	Catabolic
___ reactions are endergonic - they CONSUME more energy than they produce	Anabolic
examples of catabolism	Glycolysis, Kreb's Cycle, Electron Transport Chain
examples of anabolism	Protein Synthesis (peptide bond formation), Building Fatty Acids into phospholipid bilayer (cell membrane), Glycogen Synthesis from glucose
coupling of catabolism and anabolism occurs via ___ and is the most frequently used	ATP - "energy currency" molecule of the cell
___ reactions PRODUCE ATP (ADP + P + energy)	Catabolic
___ reactions SPEND ATP	Anabolic
two important components of energy transfer	oxidation-reduction reactions, and ATP generation
the removal of electrons from an atom; the result is a Decrease in the potential energy of the atom or molecule	Oxidation
oxidation-reduction reactions usually involves loss of ___ atoms in biological systems, therefore called DEHYDROGENATION reactions	Hydrogen
in animal cells, electrons and hydrogen are usually transferred to ___ & ___ (the 2 coenzymes commonly used by animal cells to carry hydrogen atoms)	NAD & FAD
the 2 coenzymes, NAD & FAD, ultimately transfer hydrogen to ___ ___ ___ in mitochondria	electron transport chain
is usually an exergonic reaction (energy-releasing)	oxidation
energy released during ___ reactions is captured within a cell when ATP is formed	oxidation
(ADP + P = ATP) Addition of phosphate group to a molecule is termed ___, and increases its potential energy	phosphorylation
ATP generation, in animals, occurs by:	substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation
generates ATP by direct transfer of a high-energy phosphate group (from a substrate) directly to ADP	substrate-level phosphorylation
substrate-level phosphorylation occurs in the ___ of cell	cytosol
REMOVES electrons and passes them through the electron transport chain (electron acceptors) to molecules of O2	oxidative phosphorylation
oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the ___ ___ membrane of cells	inner mitochondrial
during digestion of carbs, polysaccharides & disaccharides are hydrolyzed into the monosaccharides ___, ___, & ___	glucose (about 80%), fructose, & galactose
___ converts most fructose and galactose into glucose	hepatocytes (liver cells)
fate of glucose	1. ATP production 2. Amino acid synthesis 3. Glycogen synthesis 4. Triglyceride synthesis (lipogenesis)
the body's preferred source for synthesis of ATP	glucose
storage form of glucose in liver & muscle cells	glycogen
when glycogen storage areas are filled up, liver and muscle cells converts glucose to ___ & ___ that can be used for lipogenesis (tri synthesis)	glycerol & fatty acids
triglycerides are deposited into ___ ___, which has unlimited storgage capacity	adipose tissue
how does glucose enter cells?	by SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT, by facilitated diffusion at GluT4 transporters in most BODY CELLS, and by facilitated diffusion at GluT transporters in LIVER CELLS & NEURONS
Glucose absorption in GIT & kidney tubules accomplished via this	secondary active transport (Na+/glucose symporters)
a high level of insulin increases the insertion of ___ into plasma membranes of most body cells, thereby increasing rate of facilitated diffusion of glucose into cells	GluT4
___ transporters DO NOT INCREASE in number in response to insulin in hepatocytes and neurons	GluT
the complete oxidation of glucose to CO2 and H20 to produce ATP	cellular respiration
cellular respiration involves four sets of reactions	1. glycolysis 2. formation of acetyl CoA 3. Kreb's cycle 4. electron transport chain
is the breakdown of glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid; results in net gain of 2 molecules of ATP	Glycolysis
glycolysis requires a series of ___ reactions; doesn't require O2 (anaerobic cellular respiration)	10
glycolysis occurs in the ___ when phosphofructokinase activity is high	cytosol
key regulator of the rate of glycolysis	phosphofructokinase
glycolysis levels are high when levels of __ are high; when it's low, most glucose is converted to ___	ADP; glycogen
fate of pyruvic acid depends on availability of ___	O2
when oxygen is in short supply, pyruvic acid is reduced to __ acid	lactic
when oxygen is high, ___ is produced; this reaction occurs inside the ___ ___	acetyl coA; mitochondrial matrix
under ___ conditions, pyruvic acid enters the mitochondria, converted into ___, and enters the ___	aerobic; acetyl coA; Kreb's cycle
fate of acetyl coA	enters Kreb's cycle in matrix (middle)of mitochondria
consists of a series of 8 oxidation-reduction reactions & decarboxylation reaction that release CO2	Kreb's cycle
in the Kreb's cycle, the oxidation-reduction reactions transfer chemical energy, in the form of electrons, to 2 coenzymes -	NAD+ and FAD
3 main results of the Krebs cycle	1. ATP production 2. formation/release of CO2 3. production of reduced coenzymes for energy storage
for each molecule of pyruvic acid that is converted to acetyl coA and then enters the Krebs cycle produces __ molecules of CO2, __ molecules of NADH and H+, __ molecule of FADH2, and __ molecule of ATP	3; 4; 1; 1
the reduced conenzymes ___ and ___ are the most important outcomes of the Krebs cycle because the contain the energy originally stored in glucose and then in pyruvic acid	NADH and FADH2
fate of NADH and H+	passes along the electron transport chain
the electron transport chain is:	a series of electron carriers in inner mitochondrial membrane; a series of oxidation-reduction rx where energy in NADH and FADH2 is liberated and transferred to ATP
electron transport chain pumps __ to space between inner and outer membrane	H+
in ___, ATP is produced when H+ flows/diffuses back inside mitochondrial matrix; it links chemical reactions with the pumping of H+ ions	chemiosmosis
electron transport chain uses several types of molecules including __, __, __ as electron carriers	cytochromes, CoQ, and FMN
electron transport chain ultimately transfers __ to __ atoms	electrons to oxygen
cellular respiration of 1 molecule of glucose produces ___ ATPs and ___ CO2; and uses __ O2	36 or 38; 6; 6
other fates of glucose	used for synthesis of glycogen, and produced by breakdown of proteins and lipids
except for glycolysis, which occurs in the ___, all other reactions of cellular respiration occur within the ___	cytosol, mitochondria
synthesis of glycogen; conversion of Glucose to Glycogen for storage in the liver and skeletal muscle	glycogenesis
glycogenesis stimulated by	insulin
conversion/breakdown of glycogen to glucose; occurs between meals	glycogenolysis
glycogenolysis stimulated by	glucagon and epinephrine
the 10 reactions that convert glucose to pyruvic acid	glycolysis
when body requires ATP, glycogen stored in hepatocytes is broken down into glucose and released into blood	glycogenolysis
conversion of noncarbohydrate molecules into glucose; making new glucose from proteins and fats	glyconeogenesis
gluconeogenesis occurs when liver is low on __	glycogen
the glycerol portion of ___, ___ acid, & certain ___ acids are converted in the liver to glucose	triglycerides, lactic, amino
most lipids, such as triglycerides, are nonpolar and do not dissolve in ___	water
for lipids to be transported in watery blood they must be made more water-soluble by combining with __ produced in liver and intestine	proteins
the lipid and protein combination formed are called __	lipoproteins
lipoproteins are spherical particles with an outer shell of __, __, & __ molecules surrounding an inner core of __ & other lipids	proteins, phospholipids, cholesterol, triglycerides
4 lipoprotein categories and named according to density; those containing more protein are more dense	1. Chylomicrons 2. VLDL 3. LDL 4. HDL
transport ingested lipids to adipose tissue for storage	Chylomicrons
transport triglycerides synthesized in hepatocytes to adipocytes for storage	VLDLs
deliver cholesterol to cells throughout body for use in repair of cell membrane & synthesis of steroid hormones and bile salts	LDLs
deposit cholesterol in smooth muscle of arteries forming fatty plaques; aka BAD cholesterol	LDLs
remove excess cholesterol from body cells and take it to liver for elimination; aka GOOD cholesterol	HDLs
transport lipids in the bloodstream	lipoproteins
most cholesterol made by the ___, but it is also present in some foods	liver
cholesterol necessary for	cell membranes
cholesterol also necessary for synthesis of	steroid hormones and bile
as total cholesterol levels __, the risk of coronary artery disease __	increase, increases
fate of lipids: may be __ to produce __	oxidized, ATP
fate of lipids: stored in ___ tissue and in liver	adipose
fate of lipids: used to synthesize other substances like ___ & ___	phopholipids, lipoproteins
2 essential fatty acids that the body cannot synthesize are ___ acid and ___ acid; they must be provided in ___	linoleic, linolenic, foods
triglycerides stored in ___ tissue constitutes ___% of all body energy reserves	adipose, 98%
the splitting/breakdown of triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids	lipolysis
lipolysis stimulated by	E, NE, & cortisol
lipolysis occurs in	adipose cells & hepatocytes
lipolysis generates more ATP than	glycolysis
fate of glycerol and fatty acids: glycerol may be used to produce ___ or converted to acetyl CoA for use in the __ __	glucose, Krebs cycle
fate of glycerol and fatty acids: fatty acids may undergo ___ oxidation to produce acetyl CoA which may be used by liver cells to produce ___ bodies	beta, ketone
fate of glycerol and fatty acids: fatty acids, alternatively, may undergo beta oxidation and enter Kreb's cycle as ___ ___	acetyl CoA
the synthesis of lipids from glucose or amino acids; making of fat	lipogenesis
lipogenesis occurs in	liver and adipose cells
lipogenesis stimulated by	insulin
during digestion, ___ are broken down into amino acids	proteins
unlike ___ and triglycerides (lipids), which are stored, proteins are not stored	carbohydrates
instead amino acids (produced from protein catabolism) are either ___ to produce ATP or used to synthesize new ___	oxidized, proteins
excess amino acids are not excreted in urine or feces but instead are converted into ___ or ___	glucose (gluconeogenesis) or triglycerides (lipogenesis)
fate of proteins: biological catalysts (they function as ___)	enzymes
fate of proteins: transportators of membrane proteins, ___ and ___	globulins and hemoglobin
fate of proteins: defense against disease (serve as ___ & ___)	antibodies and complement
fate of proteins: structural support	collagen, elastin & keratin
a certain amount of protein catabolism (breakdown) occurs each day and is stimulated by	cortisol
proteins from worn-out cells (such as RBCs) are broken down into ___ and recycled	amino acids
___ convert amino acids to fatty acids, ketone bodies or glucose	hepatocytes
in order for body cells to ___ amino acids to produce ATP, they must be ___ by liver cells	oxidize, deaminated
before amino acids can enter the Krebs cycle their amino group must first be removed, this process is called	deamination
deamination produces ___ which is converted to urea (less toxic) and excreted in urine	ammonia
the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids to produce new proteins	protein anabolism
protein anabolism occurs on the ___ of almost every cell in the body	ribosomes
the 3 molecules that play a key role in metabolism	glucose 6-phospate, pyruvic acid, and acetyl CoA
glucose 6-phosphate produced from ___ after it enters cells	glucose
fates of these 3 molecules depend on ___ or ___ status of individual (how long it's been since we ate)	nutritional or activity
metabolism depends on how much ___ has passed since the last meal	time
during the ___ ___, ingested nutrients are entering bloodstream, and glucose is readily available for ATP production	absorptive state
during the ___ ___, absorption of nutrients from the GIT is complete, and energy needs must be met by fuels already in the body	postabsorptive state
most meals require ___ hours for absorption	4
given 3 meals per day, absorptive state last ___ hours	12
the effects of __ dominate in the absorptive state	insulin
the effects of ___, ___, ___ dominate in the postabsorptive state	glucagon, E, and NE
insulin effects in absorptive state: stimulates ___ and decreases ___	anabolism, catabolism
insulin effects in absorptive state: promotes entry of ___ and ___ into cells of many tissues	glucose, amino acids
insulin effects in absorptive state: stimulates conversion of ___ to ___ in liver and muscle cells	glucose to glycogen
insulin effects in absorptive state: stimulates synthesis of ___ in liver and adipose tissue	triglycerides
insulin effects in absorptive state: stimulates ___ synthesis in cells throughout body	protein
during postabsorptive state, maintaining a steady level of ___ ___ is critical because the nervous system and RBCs can only safely use glucose for energy	blood glucose
fatty acids can not pass __ barrier; RBCs have no ___	blood/brain; mitochondria
glycogenolysis and ___ provide most energy needs (in postabsorptive state)	lipolysis
complete oxidation of glucose to produce ATP	cellular respiration
cellular respiration consists of:	glycolyis, krebs cycle, and electron transport chain
complete oxidation of 1 molecule of glucose yields a maximum of 36 or 38 molecules of ATP. True or False?	True
the conversion of glucose into pyruvic acid; anaerobic cellular respiration	glycolysis
cycle includes a series of oxidation-reduction reactions in which coenzymes (NAD+ and FAD) pick up H+; aerobic	krebs cycle
third set of reactions in glucose catabolism in which electrons are passed from one carrier to the next, and most of the ATP is produced; aerobic	electron transport chain
glucose converted into glycogen for storage	glycogenesis
glycogen converted into glucose	glycogenolysis
conversion of amino acids, glycerol, and lactic acid into glucose	gluconeogenesis
during fasting and starvation, ___ and ___ are increasingly utilized for ATP production	fatty acids and ketone bodies
ketone body production increases as catabolism of __ rises	fatty acids
by the second day of a fast, the level of __ has risen fourfold due to ___	fatty acids, lipolysis
heat loss must equal rate of heat __ (by metabolism)	production
heat is measured as __ and expressed in units called ___	temperature, calories
a ___ is the amount of heat/energy required to raise the temp of 1 gm of water 1 degree centigrade	calorie
a __ or ___ = 1000calories (used to measure the body's Metabolic Rate and to express the energy content of foods)	kilocalorie or Calorie
normal core (internal) temperature is maintained by balance between heat-producing and heat-losing mechanisms	True
a core temp that is too __ causes cardiac arrythmias	low
a core temp that is too __ kills by denaturing cody proteins	high
factors that affect metabolic rate and rate of heat production:	1. exercise 2. thyroid hormone 3. stress 4. fever 5. ingestion of food 6. youth
heat exchange that occurs between substances/molecules in direct contact with each other	conduction
transfer of heat by the movement of a fluid (gas or liquid) between areas of different temps [transfer of heat to air or water in contact with the body]	convection
transfer of heat from a warmer object to a cooler object in the form of infrared rays without physical contact	radiation
conversion of liquid to a vapor; heat lost in this process	evaporation
control center that functions as the body's thermostat	hypothalamus
2 parts of hypothalamus that raise and lower body temp	heat-losing center (decreases body temp) and heat-promoting center (increase body temp)
responses that produce, conserve, or retain heat when core temp falls are:	vasoconstriction in skin (slows heat loss); release of E & NE (which increases cellular metabolism); and Shivering (which increases heat production)
when energy content of food equals energy used by cells of body, weight ___ ___	remains constant
energy intake depends on ___ of food consumed; affluent nations have more obese people	amount
factors that affect food intake	stress, neural and endocrine signals
control center in brain for food intake	hypothalamus
body uses nutrients for __ maintenance and ___	growth and repair
six main types of nutrients	water, carbs, lipids, proteins, vitamins & minerals
guidelines for healthy eating:	use sugars, salt, sodium and alcohol in moderation; eat a variety of foods; get plenty of fruit, veg, & grains; maintain healthy weight; and choose foods low in fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol
Major role of ___ is to regulate enzymatic reactions ie. Ca, Fe, Mg, Manganese	minerals
most abundant minerals in body and forms part of bone matrix	calcium and phosphorous
minerals also work in ___ systems to control pH (Na+, P), and to regulate ___ of water (Na+); and are involved in generation of ___ impulses	buffer, osmosis, nerve
are inorganic	minerals
are organic	vitamins
most serve as coenzymes, and only required in small amounts	vitamins
3 vitamins that are antioxidants ___ inactivate oxygen-free radicals	C, E, and beta carotene
2 major groups of vitamins	fat-soluble and water-soluble
absorbed with fats/lipids and include A, D, E, and K	fat-soluble vitamins
are dissolved in body fluids (with excess eliminated thru urine) and include several B vitamins and vitamin C	water-soluble
the thermostat and food intake regulating center of the body is in the ___ of the brain	hypothalamus
the three key molecules of metabolism are ___, ___, and ___.	glucose 6 phosphate, pyruvic acid, acetyl CoA
Vitamins A, B, D and K are fat-soluble vitamins. True or False?	False
NAD+ and FAD are:	1. both derivatives of B vitamins 2. are used to carry H+ released during oxidation rx 3. become NADH & FADH2 in their reduced forms 4. act as coenzymes in the Krebs cycle 5. are the final electron acceptors in the electron transport chain (FALSE)
During Glycolysis:	1. a 6-carbon glucose is split into 2 3-carbon pyruvic acids 2. there is a net gain of 2 ATP molecules 3. 2 NADH molecules are oxidized (FALSE) 4. moderatly high levels of O2 are needed (FALSE) 5. activity of PFK determines rate of the chemical rx
If glucose is not needed for immediate ATP production, it can be used for :	1. vitamin synthesis (FALSE) 2. amino acid synthesis 3. gluconeogenesis (FALSE) 4. glycogenesis 5. lipogenesis
the correct sequence for the oxidation of glucose (aka cellular respiration) to produce ATP is:	glycolysis, formation of acetyl CoA, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain
you would NOT experience the following during fasting or starvation:	1. DECREASE in plasma fatty acid levels (CORRECT ANSWER) 2. + in ketone body formation 3. lipolysis 4. + use of ketones for ATP production in the brain 5. depletion of glycogen
if the core temp rises above normal, the following would occur to cool the body:	1. dilation of vessels in skin 2. + radiation & conduction of heat to environment 3. + metabolic rate (FALSE) 4. evaporation of perspiration 5. + secretion of Thyroid hormones (FALSE)
the following situations would increase the metabolic rate:	1. after ingesting foods 2. + secretion of thyroid hormones 3. sleep (no, this lowers MR) 4. parasympathetic nervous system stimulation (no, sympathetic) 5. fever
which of the following are absorptive state reactions?	1. aerobic cellular respiration 2. glycogenesis 3. glycogenolysis (False) 4. gluconeogenesis using lactic acid (False) 5. lipolysis (False)
hormones and the reaction they regulate:
phosphofructokinase	glycolysis
insulin	glycogenesis
glucagon and Epinephrine	glcyogenolysis
cortisol and glucagon	gluconeogenesis
E, NE, and cortisol, and thyroid hormones	lipolysis
insulin	lipogenesis
cortisol	catabolism of proteins
insulin	absorptive state
glucagon, E and NE	postabsorptive state
foods that we eat are used to supply energy forlife processes, serve as building blocks for synthesis rx, or are stored for future use.	TRUE
DELIVER CHOLESTEROL TO BODY CELLS for use in repair of membranes and synthesis of steroid hormones and bile salts	LDL
REMOVE EXCESS CHOLESTEROL FROM BODY CELLS and transport it to the liver for elimination	HDL
TRANSPORT endogenous lipids to ADIPOCYTES FOR STORAGE	VLDL
CARRIERS of electrons in the electron transport chain	Cytochromes
ORGANIC nutrients required in small amounts for growth and normal metabolism	Vitamins
INORGANIC substances that perform many vital functions	Minerals
the body's preferred source for synthesizing ATP	Glucose
nutrient molecules that can be oxidized to produce ATP or STORED in adipose tissue	Lipids
composed of Amino Acids and are the primary regulatory molecules in the body	Proteins
energy-transferring molecule of the body	ATP
hormone secreted by adipocytes that acts to decrease total body-fat mass	leptin
neurotransmitter that stimulates food intake	neuropeptide Y
acetoacidic acid, hydroxybutyric acid, and acetone	Ketone bodies
refers to all chemical reactions in the body	metabolism
EXERGONIC chemical reaction that BREAKS DOWN complex organic molecules into simpler ones	Catabolism
ENDERGONIC chemical reaction that COMBINES SIMPLE molecules to make more complex ones	Anabolism

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