8th grade FCAT VOCAB
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| rate of change in velocity, usually expressed in meters per second; involves an increase or decrease in speed and/or a change in direction | acceleration
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| force of air on moving objects | air resistance
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| in any periodic function (e.g., a wave) the maximum absolute variation of the function | amplitude
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| the smallest unit of a chemical element that can still retain the properties of that element | atom
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| unit of energy; the amount of heat needed to raise one gram of water one degree Celsius at standard atmospheric pressure | calorie
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| a physical change that occurs when matter changes its form (i.e., liquid, gas, or solid) | change of state
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| a reaction or a change in a substance that results in producing a different substance, and perhaps produces heat or a gas as well | chemical change
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| an interconnection of electrical elements forming a complete path for the flow of current | circuit
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| a substance made up of a combination of two or more elements held together by chemical bonds that cannot be separated by physical means | compound
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| the process of changing from a gas (i.e., water vapor) to a liquid (i.e., dew); | condensation
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| the transmission of heat through a medium and without the motion of the medium, just by touch | conduction
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| a fundamental principle stating energy cannot be created nor destroyed but only changed from one form to another | conservation of energy
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| heat transfer in a gas or liquid by the circulation of currents from one region to another | convection
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| the peak or highest point on a wave | crest
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| concentration of matter of an object; number of individuals in the same species that live in a given area; the mass per unit volume of a substance in a given area | density
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| factor being measured or observed (later on) in an experiment | dependent variable
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| the change in direction of a wave caused by passing by an obstacle or traveling through an opening | diffraction
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| the relative effectiveness of a system or device determined by comparing input and output | efficiency
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| the emission and propagation of the entire range of a spectrum including: gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet radiation, visible light, microwaves, and radio waves | electromagnetic radiation
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| a stable elementary particle that is negatively charged and orbits the nucleus of an atom | electron
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| a substance that cannot be reduced to a simpler substance by chemical means | element
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| a quantity that describes the capacity to do work; a source of usable power | energy
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| a measure of randomness or disorder of a closed system | entropy
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| a change of energy from one form to another (e.g., mechanical to electrical, solar to electrical) | energy transfer
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| the process in which a liquid is converted to its vapor phase by heating the liquid | evaporation
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| a procedure that is carried out and repeated under controlled conditions in order to discover, demonstrate, or test a hypothesis; includes all components of the scientific method | experiment
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| a quality that tends to produce movement or acceleration of a body in the direction of its application; a push or a pull | force
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| the number of cycles or waves per unit time | frequency
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| a force that opposes the relative motion of two material surfaces in contact with one another | friction
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| the pivot point of a lever | fulcrum
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| one of the fundamental states of matter in which molecules do not have fixed volume or shape | gas
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| a force of attraction between two masses | gravity
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| a form of energy resulting from the temperature difference between a system and its surroundings | heat
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| factor that is changed early in an experiment (the INput) in order to study changes in the dependent variable | independent variable
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| a type of simple machine; a slanted surface that makes it easier to move a mass from a lower to a higher point | inclined plane
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| the property of an object, due to its mass, that causes it to resist any change in its motion unless overcome by a force | inertia
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| the energy possessed by a body because of its motion | kinetic energy
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| a type of simple machine; consists of a rigid bar that pivots about a fulcrum, used to transmit and enhance power or motion | lever
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| electromagnetic radiation that lies within the visible range | light
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| one of the fundamental states of matter with a definite volume but no definite shape | liquid
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| having the property of attracting iron and certain other materials by virtue of a surrounding field of force | magnetic
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| the amount of matter an object contains | mass
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| a solid, liquid, or gas that possesses inertia and is capable of occupying space | matter
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| the product of a thorough blending of two or more substances, not chemically combined | mixture
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| a subatomic particle having zero charge, found in the nucleus of an atom | neutron
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| a reaction; a change in matter from one form to another, without forming new substances | physical change
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| energy stored in an object due to the object’s configuration and position | potential energy
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| the force exerted per unit area | pressure
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| a piece of glass with polished plane surfaces that disperses a beam of white light into its component colors | prism
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| a subatomic particle having a positive charge and which is found in the nucleus of an atom | proton
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| a type of simple machine; a circular lever, usually a wheel with a groove where a rope can be placed and used to change the direction of a force | pulley
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| emission of energy in the form of rays or waves | radiation
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| the bouncing off or turning back of light, sound, or heat from a surface | reflection
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| a change in direction (bending) of a wave that occurs as it passes from one medium to another of different density | refraction
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| a plan of inquiry that uses science process skills as a tool to gather, organize, analyze, and communicate information | scientific method
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| a type of simple machine that consist of an inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder | screw
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| having a definite shape and a definite volume; one of the fundamental states of matter | solid
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| a mixture of two or more substances uniformly dispersed throughout a single phase | solution
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| an instrument that uses a prism to separate and catalog light wavelengths | spectroscope
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| amount of distance traveled divided by time taken; | speed
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| a set of objects, organisms, or different parts acting to form a whole | system
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| internal energy found by adding the kinetic energy of particles making up a substance | thermal energy
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| the lowest point on a wave | trough
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| the event, condition, or factor that can be changed or controlled in order to study or test a hypothesis in a scientific experiment | variable
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| the time-rate at which a body changes position including ITS DIRECTION (N,S,E,W); defined as displacement divided by the time of travel | velocity
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| a repetitive movement around an equilibrium point | vibration
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| a measure of the amount of space an object takes up; | volume
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| the distance of part of a wave from one point to a similar point (ex- crest to crest) | wavelength
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| a type of simple machine that consist of an inclined plane used to separate two objects | wedge
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| a type of simple machine that consists of a rod driven through the center of a cylinder that is allowed to rotate freely, | wheel & axle
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| an individual with 2 of the same alleles for a trait | homozygous (purebred)
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| an individual with 2 different alleles for a trait | heterozygous (hybrid)
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| this type of allele is said to be 'hidden' when paired with a dominant form of the allele | recessive
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| the main important informational part of a gene is composed of this | DNA
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| This a structure within the nucleus that contains many genes | chromosome
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| this is the most primitive type of cell which lacks a nucleus | prokaryote
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| organelle in plant responsible for doing photosynthesis | chloroplast
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| organelle responsible for cellular respiration and producing ATP (the powerhouse) | mitochondria
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| the number of meters in a kilometer | 1000
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| the number of centimeters in a meter | 100
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| the number of millimeters in a centimeter | 10
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| a unit used to measure interstellar distances | light year (~6 trillion miles)
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| the number of light minutes in a light hour | 60
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| this is the subunit that makes up DNA | nucleotides
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| A nucleotide is to a nucleic acid (such as DNA)as an amino acid is to a WHAT? | protein
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| What is the manipulation of individual genes within organisms by scientists called? | genetic engineering
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| What are the charged particles that form when atoms gain or lose electrons called? | ions
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| What word describes the electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom ? | valence
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| How many different subunits can be found within a DNA molecule? | 4 (A,T,C,G)
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| The fact that a chemical exhibits the property of 'high solubility' means WHAT? | it readily dissolves
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| Who proposed the DNA model currently nearly universally accepted? | Watson, Crick
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| What term regarding electrons immediately makes one think of COVALENT bonds? | share
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| What is the charge of a chloride ion with 17 protons and 18 electrons? | -1
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| What is the charge of a sodium ion with 11 protons and 10 electrons? | +1
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| Why don’t noble gases normally form chemical bonds? | They have full outermost energy levels.
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| What is the same within each group on the periodic table? | number of valence electrons
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| How are electrons in an atom organized? | energy levels
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| Where are proteins synthsized in the cell? | within the cytoplasm, on ribosomes
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| What base compliments adenine? | thymine
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| What is the compliment to guanine? | cytosine
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| What biochemical is composed of amino acids? | protein
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| What is a change in DNA caused by random error called? | mutation
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| Simple sugars are an example of what type of biochemical? | carbohydrate
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| Which of the following will react with acid to produce hydrogen gas? | metal
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| If a substance is said to be 'alkaline', what does it indicates that substance? | It is basic,(pH >7) will taste bitter and will feel slippery to the touch
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| What is the value that is used to express the acidity or basicity (alkalinity) of a system? | pH
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| What does the information contained in our nucleic acid (DNA)determine the order of? | amino acids in proteins
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| What is the normal pH of blood? | about 7
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| Which is true of a solution with a pH of 1 ? | It is a strong acid
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| A solution with a pH of 2 is 10 times more acidic than a solution with what pH ? | about 3
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| What type of reaction occurs when one chemical breaks down to several, such as H2CO3 --> H2O + CO2 | decomposition
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| What type of reaction is it when 2 or more chemical substances combine to form one new one? | synthesis
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| What is the number two in the formula for water? | a subscript
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| How does grinding a solid reactant to a powder help to increase a reactin rate? | it increases its surface area
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| What type of reaction needs to have an overall input of energy with the reactants in order for it to occur? | endothermic
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| What type of reaction has energy (heat)being released with the products? | exothermic
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| Nucleotides are made of a sugar, a phosphate, and WHAT ELSE? | a base
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| What is a string of nucleotides that has information for making one trait? | a gene
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| the organelle that is most involved in packaging an transporting chemicals | golgi complex
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| the organelle one may find ribosomes attached to | endoplasmic reticulum
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| the additional outer covering found only in a plant cell | cell wall
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| an object that resists the passage of heat through it | thermal insulator
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| an object that allows heat to be transferred through it | thermal conductor
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| heat transfer by electromagnetic waves from the sun or a lamp | radiation
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| the PHysical appearance, or what you see in a PHoto - such as BLUE eyes or BROWN eyes | phenotype
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| the pairs of letters found inside a punnett square, indicating an individuals alleles for a trait | genotype
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| main organ of gas exchange | lung
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| system of heart, blood vessels and blood that transports substances through body | cardiovascular
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| system of bones that provide structural support for body | skeletal
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| system of lungs, bronchi, trachea, larnyx and nose responsible for gas exchange | respiratory
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| system of glands such as thyroid, pituitary and pancreas which release chemicals into the blood | endocrine
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| system of one way vessels, nodes, spleen and thymus primarily helps fight disease | lymphatic
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| cycle of THIS ELEMENT consists of respiration, photosynthesis, decomposition, and combustion | carbon
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| cycle of THIS consists of precipitation, runoff, condensation, evaporation, and transpiration | water
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| cycle of this can consist of melting / cooling, sedimentation, and metamorphasis | rock
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| this is the current accepted theory which explains the formation of the universe | big bang
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| this is thought to be the approximate age of the universe. | 15 billion years
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| this is located between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter | asteroid belt
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| this is the term given to species that are NOT native to an area | Exotic or Invasive
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| Dividing an objects' mass by its volume gives you this | density
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