Urinary System Anatomy
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| What system consist of 2 kidneys, 2 ureters, 1 urinary bladder, 1 urether | urinary system
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| What remove waste products, from blood, maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance,and blood pressure | urinary system
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| How many liters of urine a day do the kidneys secrete | 1 to 2 liters
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| How is the urine expelled from the body | by the excretory system
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| What is the urinary system often called | excretory system
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| What system consist of the calyces, renal pelvis, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra | excretory system
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| What are the variable urine draining branches in the kidneys | calyces
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| What is the expanded portion of the kidney called | renal pelvis
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| What system consist of the calyces and renal pelvis together | pelvicaliceal system
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| What are the two long tubes extending from the pelvis of each kidney | ureters
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| What is the sacklike portion of the urinary system which receives the distal part of the uretersand serves as a reservoir | bladder
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| What is the third and smaller tubular portion which conveys the urine to the exterior of the body | urethra
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| What are ductless endocrine glands closely associated with the urinary system | suprarenal or adrenal glands
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| which glands are situated in the medial and superior aspects of the upper poles of the kidneys | suprarenal glands or adrenal glands
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| What are two important substances furnished by the suprarenal or adrenal glands | epinepherine, and cortical hormones
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| What are not usually demonstrated on preliminary radiographs but delineanated when CT is used | adrenal or suprarenal glands
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| What organ is bean shaped | kidney
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| Which border of the kidneys are convex and which are concave | lateral, medial
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| The kidneys measure how many inches in length | 4 1/2
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| The kidneys measure how many inches in width | 2 to 3 inches
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| The kidneys measure how many inches in thickness | 1 1/4 inches
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| The _____ kidney is slightly longer and narrower than the ______ kidney | left, right
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| what is the kidney situated behind | peritoneum or retroperitoneum
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| Which aspect of the kidney lies more posterior than the inferior aspect | superior aspect
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| In which plane do each kidney lies | oblique
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| How many degrees are the kidneys rotated anteriorly | 30 degrees toward the aorta
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| In what projection does the lower kidney lies perpendicular to the IR | AP oblique with a rotation of 30 degrees
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| In what projection does the upper kidney lies parallel to the IR | AP oblique (LPO, RPO) with a rotation of 30 degrees
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| What is the level of the kidneys in a person of sthenic build | superior border of T12 to the level of the transverse processes of L3
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| In what body habitus does the kidneys lies somewhat higher | hypersthenic
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| In what body habitus does the kidneys lies somewhat lower | asthenic
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| The _____ kidney is slightly _______ than the left kidney | right, lower
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| what organ occupies a large space which makes one kidney lower than the other | liver
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| What is the name of the mass of fatty tissue that embed each kidney | adipose capsule
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| How many inches do the kidneys move during respiration or respiratory movement | 1 inch
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| How many inches do the kidneys drop in the change from the supine to upright position | no more than 2 inches
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| What is the longitudinal slit on the concave medial border of each kidney | hilum
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| What is the central cavity of the kidney called | renal sinus
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| What is the outer layer of the kidney called | renal cortex
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| What is the inner layer of the kidney called | medulla
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| What are the essential microscopic componets of the parenchyma of the kidney called | nephron
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| How many nephrons are contained in the kidney | 1 million
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| Which vessel enters the capsule of the kidney | afferent arteriole
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| Which vessel leaves the capsule of the kidney | efferent arteriole
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| Which structure of the kidney continues from the glomerular capsule in the cortex | renal tubule
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| What does the renal tubules become after they travel through the cortical and medullary substances | proximal convoluted tubules
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| The the renal tubules travel to the _____ after the proximal convoluted tubules | the nephron loop or loop of henle
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| After the loop of henle the renal tubules travels to the ______ | distal convoluted tubules
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| The distal convoluted tubules opens into the the __________ that begins in the cortex | collecting ducts
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| What ducts converge toward the renal pelvis | collecting ducts
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| A central tubule that opens at the _____ and drains its tributaries into the minor calyx | renal papilla
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| What are cup shaped stems arising at the sides of the papiulla of each renal pyramid | calyces
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| what are the beginning branches called | minor calyces
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| How many calyces are there | between 4 to 13
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| What do the minor calyces unite to form | three large tubes called major calyces
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| What do the major calyces unite to form | the expanded funnel shaped renal pelvis
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| Where does the wide upper portion of the renal pelvis lies | within the hilum
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| How many inches long is the ureters | 10 to 12 inches
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| What structure of the unrinary system descends behind the peritoneum and in front of the psoas muscles | ureters
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| What structure of the urinary in front of the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae and pass in front of the sacral wing | ureters
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| What structure of the excretory system curve to enter posterolateral surface of the urinary bladder, the level of the ischial spine | ureters
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| What structure conveys the urine from the renal pelves to the bladder by slow peristalistic contractions | ureters
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| What structure is a musculomembranous sac, a reservoir for urine | bladder
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| Male or Female: the bladder is posterior and superior to the pubic symphysis and is anterior to the rectum | male
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| What is the bladder anterior to in the female | vaginal canal
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| What part of the bladder is at an anterosuperior aspect | apex
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| What is the most fixed part fo the bladder | neck
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| What part does the neck of the bladder rest on in the male | prostate
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| What part does the neck of the bladder rest on in the female | pelvic diaphragm
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| According to what does the bladder varies in size shape ,and portion | its contents
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| Where is the bladder located when it is empty | pelvic cavity
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| What shape does the bladder assume when it is full | oval
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| How many mL does the adult bladder holds when it is full | 500 mL
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| How much mL of urine in the bladder for the desire of micturition or urination to occur | 250 mL
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| What are the the two orifices (openings) of the bladder are equidistant from | urethal orifice
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| What is the triangle between the two orifices called | trigone
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| What are the folds of the bladder when it is empty | rugae
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| What structure conveys the urine out of the body | urethra
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| What is a narrow musculomembranous tube with a sphincter type of muscule at the neck of the bladder | urethra
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| How many inches is the urethra of the female | 1 1/2 inches
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| How many inches is the urethra of a male | 7 to 8 inches
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| What is located in the vestibule about 1 inch anterior to the vaginal opening | female urethra
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| What extends from the bladder to the end of the penis and divided into the prostatic, membranous, and spongy portions | male urethra
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| What serves as an excretory canal for the reproductive system | male urethra
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| What has a small glandular body surrounding the proximal part of the male urethra | prostate
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| What part of the prostate is attached to the inferior surface of the urinary bladder | conical base
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| How many inches does the prostate measure transversely | 1 1/2 inches
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| How many inches does the prostate measures anteroposteriorly | 3/4 inch
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| What secretes a milky fluid that combines with semen | prostate gland
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| What enters the urethra via ducts in the prostatic urethra | secretions
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| What is the condition: two renal pelvi and /or ureters from the same kidney | duplicate collecting system
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| What is the condition: fusion of the kidneys, usually at the lower poles | horseshoe kidney
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| What is the condition: kidney that fails to ascend and remains in the pelvis | pelvic kidney
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| What is inflammation of the bladder | cystitis
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| What is distension of the renal pelvis and calyces with urine | hydronephrosis
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| What is massive enlargement of the kidney with the formation of many cysts | polycystic kidney
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| What is the inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis | pyelonephritis
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| What is the condition: increased blood pressure of the kidney | renal hypertension
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| What is the most common childhood abdominal neoplasm affecting the kidney | wilms
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| What is ballooning of the lower end of the ureter into the bladder | ureterocele
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| What is backward flow of urine from the bladder into the ureters | vesicoureteral reflux
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| What contrast medium is used for the radiograph of the urinary system | iodinated
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| What precede the specilalized procedures | scout of the abdominopelvic area
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| What projection does the preliminary examination consist of | AP
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| What projections is taken to localize calcium and tumor masses | oblique and lateral
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| What position is used to demonstrate the mobility of the kidneys | upright
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| What demonstrate the position and mobility of the kidneys and usually their size and shape | preliminary radiographs
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| What must the canals be filled with to visualize the thin walled drainage, or collecting system and pelves,ureters, and urinary bladder | contrast medium
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| What twpo structures of the urinary system cannot be distinguished on preliminary radiographs | ureters and urethra
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| What is opacified for the delineation and differentiation of cysts and tumor masses situated in the kidney | renal parenchyma
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| How is the renal parenchyma opacified | with iodinated contrast medium and then radiographed by tomagraphy or CT
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| How is the contrast solution introduced for constrast studies | into vein by rapid injection or by infusion
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| What procedures are used to investigate the blood vessels of the kidneys and suprarenal glands | angiographic
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| What general term under which the radiologic investigations of the renal drainage, or collecting system or proformed | urography
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| what technique allow the contrast medium to enter the kidney in the normal direction of the blood flow | antegrade filling
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| Which filling introduce the contrast material directly into the kidney through a percutaneous puncture of the renal pelvis | antegrade
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| What technique require that the contrast agent to be administered intravenously | excretory or intravenous urography (IVU)
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| What does antegrade mean | functioning
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| Why is the contrast medium administrered intravenously | to demonstrate all parts of the urinary system
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| What term refers to the demonstration of the pelves and the calyces | pyelography
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| What was another name for the pyelogrphy used years ago | IVP
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| What procedure requires that the contrast material is introduced against the normal flow | retrograde filling (urography)
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| Where is the contrast medium directed for the retrograde filling | into the canals
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| How are the canals filled of the upper urinary tract for retrograde urography | ureteral catherization
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| How is the lower part of the urinary tract filled with contrast | urethral catherization
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| What type of procedure is the retrograde urographic examination of the proximal urinary tract | urologic
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| Who performs the catherization and filling of the urinary tract | urologist
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| what does the urologist obtain due to catherization and contrast filling of the urinary canal | catherized specimens of urine
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| What provides more information of the anatomy of the different parts of the collecting system | retrograde urographic examination
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| What term is the bLadder examination usually denoted | cytography
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| What procedure examines the lower ureters | cystoureterography
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| what procedures examines the urethra | cystourethrography
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| What does retrograde mean | anatomy
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| What type of salts are used in cystography and what percentage | iodinated 30% or less
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| What contrast medium was introduced inthe 70's and is used today | nonionic contrast medium
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| What contrast is less likely to cause a reactionin the patient but is twice as expensive as ionic agents | nonionic contrast emdium
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| Whose choice is it to use ionic or nonioic contrast medium | depends on the patient risk and economics
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| How long does adverse reacion last | they are mild and of short duration
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| What are the feling of warmth, flushing, and sometimes a few hives | they are characteristic reactions
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| What are other characteristics of the adverse reaction | vomiting, nausea, and edema of the respiratory mucous membrane
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| What must be carefully checked of each patient | clinical history
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| When does most reactions to contrast medium occur after administration | first 5 minutes
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| What must not be done after the first 5 minutes of administering the contrast medium | leaving the patient unattended
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| What must be readily available for treating adverse reactions | emergency equipment and medication
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| What must be free of gas and solid fecal material | intestinal tract
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| What is not attempted in infants and children | bowel preparation
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| What position exerts pressure on the abdomen and moves gas laterally away from the pelvicaliceal structures | prone
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| What preparation require the patient to follow a low residue diet for 1 to 2 days, eat a light evening meal on the day before exam | bowel preparation
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| What is administered to the patient for the bowel preparation | a non gas forming laxative evening of the exam
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| True or False: the patient should have nothing by mouth after midnight on the day of the exam | true
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| What are patients with multiple myeloma, high uric acid levels or diabetes at risk for | induced renal failure
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| How many cups of water does the patient drink before the retrograde urography | 4 or 5 cups (large amount)
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| What preparation is usually necessary for the lower urinary tract | none
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| What table is suitable for the preliminary excretory urography and most retrograde studies of the bladder and urethra | standard radiographic table
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| what procedure requires a table equipped with tomographic apparatus | infusion nephrourography
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| What should be performed when intestinal gas obscures some of the underlying structures during retrograde urographic procedures | tomography
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| What markers should be used during the retrograde urographic procedures | time-interval markers, body position markers
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| What is taken to demonstrate the mobility of the kidneys | upright study
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| what shows a sharply defined outline of the kidneys, lower border of the liver and lateral margin of the psoas muscles | urograms
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| What is not applied over the upper abdomen in urographic examination | immobilization band
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| What may cause resultant pressure to interfere with the passage of fluid through the ureters | immobilization band
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| What depends on exposure time and on securing the full cooperation of the patient | elimination of motion
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| What should be explained to the patient | the examination
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| What depends on the success of the examination | ability of the radiographer to gain the confidence of the patient
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| What is done to retard flow of the opacified urine into the bladder and adequate filling of the renal pelves and calyces | compression
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| Where are the ureters centered if compression is used | at the level of the ASIS
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| What should slowly be released when the compression device is removed to reduce pain caused by rapid change | pressure
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| What is contraindicated if a patient has urinary stones, an abdominal mass or aneurysm, a colostomy, a suprapubic catheter or traumatic injury | compression
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| What is the breathing instructions for the retrograde filling (urography) | at the end of expiration
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| What should be done if an exposure is made at a respiratory phase different than what is usually used | the image should be so marked
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| What projection is used to demonstrate the mobility of the kidneys | AP
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| What projection maybe required to localize a tumor mass or to differentiate renal stones from gallstones or calcified mesentertic nodes | lateral in the decubitus position
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| What projection demonstrates the the contour of the kidneys, their location in the supine position, and the prescence of renal or other calculi | AP projection with the patient recumbent
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| What projection serves to check the preparation of the gastrointestinal tract and to make any necessary alteration in the exposure factors | AP projectiion with the patient recumbent
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| What type of radiation protection is the radiographer responsible for | work carefully so that repeat exposures are not necessary
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| What do the IVU demonstrates | function and structure of the urinary system
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| What is demonstrated by the ability for the kidneys to filter contrast medium and concentrate it with urine | function
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| What is usually visualized as the contrast material follows the excretion route of the urine | anatomic structures
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| What are these indication: abdominal masses, renalcysts, renal tumors, urolithiasis, pyelonephritis, hydronephrosis, trauma, preoperative location, size,and shape of the kidneys and ureters,renal hypertension | IVU
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| What is the condition for calculi or stones | urolithiasis
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| What is pyelonephritis | infection of upper urinary tract
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| What is abnormal dilation of the pelicaliceal system | hydronephrosis
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| What the ability of the kidneys to filter contrast medium from the blood and the patient allergic history related to | common contridictions for IVU
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| Which patients arte strong candidates to receive a nonionic contrast medium or should be examined using another modality | older patients with risks factors
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| what prevents dilution of the contrast mendium with urine | emptying the bladder
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| What of the patients should be reviewed before the radiographic procedure | clinical history, allergic history, blood chemistry levels
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| What is the normal creatine level | 0.6-1.5 mg/100mL
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| What is the normal blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level | 8-25 mg/100mL
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| What position is the patient in for the intravenous urography exam | supine position
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| What should be done before placing the patient on the table for the intravenous urography exam | attach the footboard
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| What radiograph is obtained before the first postinjection exposure | scout radiograph (preliminary)
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| t medium is administered by the examining physician | 30 to 100mL
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| What should be produced at certain intervals from the time of the completion of contrast medium | radiographs
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| Where do the contrast agent normally begin to appear | in the pelvicaliceal system within 2 to 8 minutes
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| When do the greatest concentration of contrast medium in the kidneys normally occur | 15 to 20 minutes after the injection
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| What is determined after the IR is exposed, processed and reviewed | the kidney function
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| What does some physicians perfer following a bolus injection if the contrast medium | a 30 second image to obtain a nephrogram
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| What may be taken at a 5 to 10 minute intervals | a 30 degree AP oblique projections
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| What is taken to detect residual urine, small tumor masses, or enlargement of prostate gland | a postvoid radiograph
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| What will be filtered from the blood by the kidneys and eventually excreted in the urine | contrast medium remaining in the body
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| What is suggested that the patient preform after exam | drink extra fluid for a few days to help flush out the contrast medium
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| What exam is taken after the bolus injection | nephrotomography
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| What projection of the nephrotomography best visualize the renal parenchyma, nephrons and collection tubes | AP projection
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| What is primarily performed to evaluate renal hypertension (indication) | nephrotomography
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| How can the contrast medium be injected rapidly | by bolus injection
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| How can the contrast medium be injected more slowly | by IV infusion
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| What is performed by injecting a large amount of highly concentrated, iodinated contrast medium | bolus injectin nephrontomography
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| What works better with bolus | tomograms
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| What procedure is performed with the injection of a contrast medium into the cyst under fluoroscopic control | percutaneous renal puncture
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| What are most masses clearly diagnosed as | cystic by ultrasound
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| What procedure is used on patients with hydronephrosis | percutaneous antegrade pyelography
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| What exam provide little physiologic information about the urinary system | retrograde urography AP projection
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| What procedure is used for patients who have renal insufficiency or who have allergic reaction to iodinated contrast media.(indication) | retrograde urography
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| What is reduced because the contrast medium is not introduced into the circulatory system for the retragrade urography | incidence of reactions
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| What conditions are the retrograde uragram carried out | under aseptic conditions
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| Who performs the retrograde urogram | attending urologist with the assistance of a nurse and radiographer
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| Where is the retrograde uragraphy performed | in urology department or radiology department
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| Who is responsible for the equipment and draping of the patient | nurse
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| Who is responsible for overhead parts of the readiographic equipment fre from dust for the protection of the operative field and the sterile layout | radiographer
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| Who positions the patient on the radiographic table | radiographer
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| What position requires that the patient be positioned with knees flexed over the stirrups of the adjustable leg supports | modified lithotomy position
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| Who performs catherization of the ureters through a ureterocystoscope | urologist
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| What are taken after two catheterized specimens of urine | urologist test kidney function
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| What are the three AP projections most commonly used for the retrograde urographic series | preliminary radiographs: showing the ureteral cather in position, pyelogram, and ureterogram
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| What additional projections are sometimes required | RPO or LPO (AP oblique) projections
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| What is indicated for vesicoureteral reflux, recurrent lower urinary tract infection bladder trauma, fistulae, urethral stricture | retrograde studies of the lower urinary tract
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| What are contridictions to the lower urinary tract studies are related to | catherization of the urethra
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| What is the contrast agents for contrast studies of the lower urinary tracts | ionic solution
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| What is the names of the ionic solutions used in the studies of the lower urinary tract | sodium or meglumine diatrizoates or the newer nonionic contrast medium
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| What happens to the organic compounds used for IVU's | their concentration is reduced for retrograde urography
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| When are patients usually catherized | before they are brought into the radiology department
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| When the patient is to be catherized inthe radiology department what must be set up to specification | sterile catherization tray
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| What is as preliminary preparation | patient given as much privacy as possible
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| How is the contrast medium introduced into the bladder | by injection or infusion through a catheter passed through urethral canal
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| When are studies made for retrograde cystology | during voiding for the delineation of the urethral canal
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| What are the four projections of the initial cystographic images | 1 AP, 2 AP obliques, 1 lateral
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| * Where is the long axis of the IR centered for the lateral projection (dorsal decubitus position) of the urinary system | midcoronal plane of the patient's body
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| * What point of the patient"s body is the IR centered | to the level of the iliac crest
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| * What is the respiration for the urogram examination | expiration
🗑
|
||||
| * What position demonstrates the ureteropelvic junction in the prescence of hydronephrosis | central decubitus position
🗑
|
||||
| * What projection demonstrates the mobility of the kidneys and opacified bladder | AP
🗑
|
||||
| * What projections are useful in demonstrating the distal ends of the ureters | Trendelenburg and AP
🗑
|
||||
| * Where is the IR centered for the AP projection of the urinary system | at the level of the iliac crest
🗑
|
||||
| * What is the respiration for the AP projection of the urinary system | end of expiration
🗑
|
||||
| * What position of the urinary system will the ureters fill better | prone
🗑
|
||||
| * What position is recommended for the filling the obstructed ureter in the prescence of hydronephrosis | prone
🗑
|
||||
| * What structures are clearly demonstrated in the AP and PA projections | bladder, pubic symphysis, short scale contrast, no artifacts, and time marker
🗑
|
||||
| * Which kidney will be perpendicular to the IR in the AP oblique projection of the urinary system | the kidney closer to the IR
🗑
|
||||
| * Which kidney will be parallel to the plane of the IR in the AP oblique projection of the urinary system | kidney farthest from the IR
🗑
|
||||
| * How is the patient turned in the AP oblique projection of the urinary system | 30 degrees from the plane of the IR ( the midcoronal plane)
🗑
|
||||
| * Where is IR centered for the AP oblique projection of the urinary system | at the level of the iliac crest
🗑
|
||||
| * What is the respiration for the AP oblique projection of the urinary system | end of expiration
🗑
|
||||
| * Where is the CR directed for the AP oblique projection of the urinary system | perpendicular to the IR at level of iliac crest
🗑
|
||||
| * Where do the CR enter for the AP oblique projection of the urinary system | approximately 2 inches lateral to the midline on the elevated side
🗑
|
||||
| * Which kidney will be parallel to the IR for the AP oblique projection of the urinary system | the elevated kidney
🗑
|
||||
| Which kidney will be perpendicular to the IR for the AP oblique projection of the urinary system | the downside kidney
🗑
|
||||
| * Where do the CR enter the patient in the lateral projection of the urinary system and where is it directed | entering the patient at the level of the iliac crest and perpendicular to the IR
🗑
|
||||
| * What do the lateral projection of the urinary system demonstrates | displacement of a kidney and to localize calcareous areas and tumor masses
🗑
|
||||
| * How many degrees is the CR angled and in what direction is the CR directed in the AP axial projection of the urinary bladder | 30 degrees and caudal
🗑
|
||||
| * Where do the central enter for the AP axial projection of the urinary bladder | 2 inches above the upper border of the pubic symphysis
🗑
|
||||
| * How many degrees is the CR angled and in what direction is the CR directed in the PA axial projection of the urinary bladder | 10 to 15 degrees cephalad
🗑
|
||||
| * Where do the CR enter for the PA axial projection of the urinary bladder | 1 inch distal to the tip of the coccyx
🗑
|
||||
| * How is the CR centered in the PA axial projection of the urinary bladder | perpendicular to the Pubic symphisis for voiding studies
🗑
|
||||
| * Whatstructures are shown for the AP axial and PA axial projections of the urinary system | bladder filled with contrast, and if relux the distal ureters are visualized
🗑
|
||||
| * How many degrees do you rotate the patient for the AP oblique projection of the urinary bladder | 40 to 60 degrees RPO or LPO
🗑
|
||||
| * What is the respiration for the AP oblique projection of the urinary bladder | suspend at end of expiration
🗑
|
||||
| * Where is the CR fall for the AP oblique projection of the urinary bladder | 2 inches above the upper border of the pubic symphysis and 2 inches medial to he upper ASIS
🗑
|
||||
| * What is the respiration for lateral projection of the urinary bladder | suspend at end of expiration
🗑
|
||||
| * Where is the CR directed for the lateral projection of the urinary bladder | perpendicular to IR and 2 inches above border of the pubic symphysis or 2 inches below the ASIS
🗑
|
||||
| What does the lateral projection of the urinary bladder demonstrates | anterior and posterior bladder walls and base of bladder
🗑
|
||||
| * How many degrees are the patient rotated for the AP projection of the male cystourethrography | 35 to 40 degrees
🗑
|
||||
| * What is usually projected anterior to the bladder neck, proximal urethra, and prostate | body of the elevated pubic symphysis
🗑
|
||||
| What study is performed when the bladder is filled with contrast material for the male cystourethrography | voiding study
🗑
|
||||
| What is the average length of the female urethra | 3.5 cm
🗑
|
||||
| What does the female urethra open into | bladder
🗑
|
||||
| What level is the female urethra opening situated | the superior border of the pubic symphysis
🗑
|
||||
| What female organ is subject to tumors, abcesses, diverticula, dilation, and stricture | female urethra
🗑
|
||||
| when are contrast studies made in the investigation of abnormalilties other than stress incontinence for the AP projection of the female cystourethography | during the injection or during voiding
🗑
|
||||
| How is the bladder drained for the AP projection of the female cystourethography | inserrion of a catheter just before injection of the contrast solution
🗑
|
||||
| How is the IR placed centered for the AP projection of the female cystourethrography | lengthwise and centered at the level of the superior border of the pubic symphysis
🗑
|
||||
| How many degrees is the CR angled and what direction for the AP projection of the female cystourethrography | 5 degrees caudal
🗑
|
||||
| Why is the CR angled 5 degrees for the AP projection for the female cystourethography | to free superimposition of the bladder neck
🗑
|
||||
| What other projections may also be required in addition to the AP projection for the female cystourethography | oblique projections
🗑
|
||||
| What is the matallic bead chain cyatourethography used for | stress incontinence
🗑
|
||||
| What projections are compared for the female cystourethrography | AP and lateral projections
🗑
|
||||
| What two sets of images are obtained for the AP projection for the female cystourethography | AP and lateral
🗑
|
||||
| What is placed between the patients thighs to relieved the fear of voiding | a towel or disposable pad
🗑
|
||||
| What organization includes venipuncture and IV medication administration in the curriculum guidelines | ASRT
🗑
|
||||
| What must the technilogist who perform the venipuncture and contrast media administration be knowledgeable about | state regulation and facility policies
🗑
|
||||
| What is based on cognitive knowledge, proficiency in psychomotor skills, positive values and validation in a clinical setting | competency in the skills of venipuncture and contrast media administration
🗑
|
||||
| What must the technologist have an extensive knowledge of in the radiology department | all medications
🗑
|
||||
| What must the technologist know before administrating any medications | medication's name, dosages, indications, contradictions, and possible adverse reactions
🗑
|
||||
| How must the technologist provide information about the procedure | in terms the patient can understand layman's terms
🗑
|
||||
| What is important is expaining the procedure to the patient | steps in the procedure, expecteed duration, and limitations or restrictions
🗑
|
||||
| What should never be told to the patient | that the insertion of the neddle used for venipuncture does not hurt
🗑
|
||||
| What must the technologist tell the patient about the venipuncture procedure | the truth and explain that the amount of pain experienced varies with each patient
🗑
|
||||
| What is the indication of benadryl | allergic reactions
🗑
|
||||
| What is the indication of demerol | mild to moderate pain
🗑
|
||||
| What is the indication of morphine | severe pain
🗑
|
||||
| What is the indication of phenegran | nausea, sedation
🗑
|
||||
| What is the indication of valium | anxiety
🗑
|
||||
| What is the indication of versed | preoperative sedation (to induce sleepiness or drowiness and relieve apprehension)
🗑
|
||||
| What assessment history is documented before any medication is administered | any known allergies to food and medications
🗑
|
||||
| What is the average BUN level and creatine level | BUN 10 to 20 mg/dL, creatinine level 0.05 to 1.2 mg/dL
🗑
|
||||
| What exists each time the body system is entered | contamination
🗑
|
||||
| What must always be used when medications are administered with a neddle | aseptic techniques and universal precautions
🗑
|
||||
| What equipment of venipuncture consist of a barrel, tip, and plunger | syringe
🗑
|
||||
| What happens to all needdles used in venipuncture | they are used only once and disposable
🗑
|
||||
| How do hypodermic neddles vary | in length and gauge
🗑
|
||||
| What does neddle gauge refer ro | diameter
🗑
|
||||
| True or False: a 18 gauge neddle is larger than a 22 gauge neddle | true
🗑
|
||||
| What happens when the bore of the neddle increases | the volume of fluid may be administered rapidly
🗑
|
||||
| How is the length of a neddle measured | in inches
🗑
|
||||
| How many inches is the neddle used for intradermal injection | 1/2 inch
🗑
|
||||
| How many inches is the neddle used for intrathecal spinal injection | 4 1/2 inches
🗑
|
||||
| How many inches are the neddles used in IV injections | 1 to 1 1/2 inches long
🗑
|
||||
| What has three parts: hub, cannula or shaft, or bevel | neddle
🗑
|
||||
| Why should the neddle be examined before and after use | determine any structural defects nonbeveled points and bent shafts
🗑
|
||||
| What are perferable to conventional hypodermic neddles for radiography | butterfly sets or angiocatheters
🗑
|
||||
| What are often called wings on the butterfly sets or neddles | plastic appendages
🗑
|
||||
| Whatof the butterfly neddle aid in inserting the neddle and stabilizing the neddleonce venous patency has been confirmed | plastic appendages
🗑
|
||||
| What neddle is recommended for long term therapy or for rapid infusion | over the neddle canula
🗑
|
||||
| what must the technologist do before administering medication for venipuncture | identify correct patient
🗑
|
||||
| What is the first step in preparing a bottle of vial for a procedure | evaluate for contamination
🗑
|
||||
| Why do containers have rubber stoppers | to insert a hypodermic neddle
🗑
|
||||
| What vial is cleaned with an alcohol wipe | multiple dose vial
🗑
|
||||
| What is maintained and to reduce the chance of possible infection | closed system
🗑
|
||||
| What is injected into the bottle to equal the same amount of desired fluid | air
🗑
|
||||
| What is pulled back to the level of the desired amount of medication | plunger of the syringe
🗑
|
||||
| What method is used to recap syringes | one handed method
🗑
|
||||
| What must never be done to neddles | recap them
🗑
|
||||
| What is critical for venipuncture | selection of an appropriate vein
🗑
|
||||
| Why should a vein that is palpated not be used | it may be a vessel or artery
🗑
|
||||
| What are the prime factors in selecting a vein | stability of location, condition of the vein, purpose of the infusion, and duration of therapy
🗑
|
||||
| Where are the veins found in establishing an IV access | anterior forearm, posterior hand, radial aspect of the wrist and antecubital space on the anterior surface of the elbow
🗑
|
||||
| What is the general rule of selecting a IV site | select most distal site
🗑
|
||||
| What are the characteristic of selecting the most distal vein | one that could accept the desired size neddle, tolerate injection rate and solution
🗑
|
||||
| What veins may be most accessible , largest, and easiest to puncture | veins in the antecubital space
🗑
|
||||
| What must be done if the site for venipucture site is hairy | site is cleaned and clipped
🗑
|
||||
| Why should hair be clipped from venipuncture site | t permit better cleansing from the skin and visualize the vein
🗑
|
||||
| What is used to cleanse the skin | antiseptic
🗑
|
||||
| How long should the anteseptic remain on the skin | 30 seconds
🗑
|
||||
| How is the skin cleaned for the preparatioin of venipuncture | circular motion from the center of the infection site approximately 2 inch circle
🗑
|
||||
| What two courses are used for the techniques of venipuncture | indirect two step entry method and direct method one step entry method
🗑
|
||||
| Which method of venipuncture requires thrusting the canula through the skin and into the vein in one quick motion | direct one step method
🗑
|
||||
| Which method of venipuncture requires the over the neddle canula inserted into the skin adjacent to or below the point where the vein is invisible and then is advanced and maneuvered to peirced the vein | indirect method two step method
🗑
|
||||
| Where is the tourniquet placed during the venipuncture | 6 to 8 inches above the site
🗑
|
||||
| What hand do the technologist holds the patient's limb | nondominant hand
🗑
|
||||
| How do the technologist use the thumb | to stabilize and anchor the vein
🗑
|
||||
| What do the technologist holds with the dominant hand | to place the neddle bevel up at a 45 degree angle to the skin's surface
🗑
|
||||
| How many degrees do the technologist decrease the angle of the neddle | 15 degrees from the long axis of the vessel
🗑
|
||||
| How do the technologist use the indirect method to insert the butterfly neddle | with a downward motion, and advances the neddle parallel and then punctures the vein
🗑
|
||||
| What must be done once the vein os punctured and a blood return | release the tourniquet
🗑
|
||||
| What happens if back flow of blood do not occur | placement verification is to attach a syringe of normal saline
🗑
|
||||
| What do the technologist do before cleaning the injection site | wash hands
🗑
|
||||
| If a bolus injection is desired what is not released | tourniquet
🗑
|
||||
| How is the neddle anchored as arequired policy | with tape and dressing
🗑
|
||||
| what should be done to the injection site during injection process | observed and palpated
🗑
|
||||
| What is the process whereby a fluid passes into the tissue instead of the vein | infiltration
🗑
|
||||
| What should be done before the contrast medium is injected | th e line should be flushed with normal saline through the port closest to the injection site
🗑
|
||||
| How many times is the line flushed | 2 times
🗑
|
||||
| What does the technologist do after the medication is administered for the venipuncture | remove any tape or protective dressing covering the puncture site
🗑
|
||||
| How is the neddle removed after administration of medication if IV | pulled directly from the vein
🗑
|
||||
| What is applied to the gauze only after the neddle removed | direct pressure
🗑
|
||||
| Where do the technologist put contaminated gloves, neddles, and gauze | appropriate disposal containers
🗑
|
||||
| What are the classification of reactions due to the medication during venipuncture | mild moderate and severe
🗑
|
||||
| Which reaction include sensation of warmth, a metallic taste, or sneezing | mild
🗑
|
||||
| Which reaction include nausea, voiting, or itching | moderate
🗑
|
||||
| which reaction include anaphalactic shock, and reaction can cause respiratory or cardiac crisis | severe
🗑
|
||||
| What are these signs of: swelling, redness, burning, and pain | infiltration
🗑
|
||||
| What is the most common cause of extravasation | displacement of neddle
🗑
|
||||
| What are common therapies for filtration | application of ice if less than 30 minutes have passed since filtration, application of warm wet compress if filtration occurred more than 30 minutes previously
🗑
|
||||
| What are the five rights of medication administration | right patient, right medication, right route, right amount, right time
🗑
|
||||
| How many times is the medication verified | 3 times
🗑
|
||||
| When is the medication verified | during selection process, during preparation, before administration
🗑
|
||||
| How is the amount of medication determined | by the physician or the department protocols
🗑
|
||||
| Who determine the right time, right amount, and right route, type of medication and the procedure | physician
🗑
|
||||
| What is included in every patient's permanent medical record | documentation of the five rights of medication administration
🗑
|
||||
| What should the documentation include in addition to the five rights | size, type, and location of the neddle, number of venipuncture attempts, identity of health care personnel who performed he procedure, and how the patient responde to the procedure
🗑
|
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