which glands are situated in the medial and superior aspects of the upper poles of the kidneys

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Urinary chapter 18

Urinary System Anatomy

Question	Answer
What system consist of 2 kidneys, 2 ureters, 1 urinary bladder, 1 urether	urinary system
What remove waste products, from blood, maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance,and blood pressure	urinary system
How many liters of urine a day do the kidneys secrete	1 to 2 liters
How is the urine expelled from the body	by the excretory system
What is the urinary system often called	excretory system
What system consist of the calyces, renal pelvis, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra	excretory system
What are the variable urine draining branches in the kidneys	calyces
What is the expanded portion of the kidney called	renal pelvis
What system consist of the calyces and renal pelvis together	pelvicaliceal system
What are the two long tubes extending from the pelvis of each kidney	ureters
What is the sacklike portion of the urinary system which receives the distal part of the uretersand serves as a reservoir	bladder
What is the third and smaller tubular portion which conveys the urine to the exterior of the body	urethra
What are ductless endocrine glands closely associated with the urinary system	suprarenal or adrenal glands
which glands are situated in the medial and superior aspects of the upper poles of the kidneys	suprarenal glands or adrenal glands
What are two important substances furnished by the suprarenal or adrenal glands	epinepherine, and cortical hormones
What are not usually demonstrated on preliminary radiographs but delineanated when CT is used	adrenal or suprarenal glands
What organ is bean shaped	kidney
Which border of the kidneys are convex and which are concave	lateral, medial
The kidneys measure how many inches in length	4 1/2
The kidneys measure how many inches in width	2 to 3 inches
The kidneys measure how many inches in thickness	1 1/4 inches
The _____ kidney is slightly longer and narrower than the ______ kidney	left, right
what is the kidney situated behind	peritoneum or retroperitoneum
Which aspect of the kidney lies more posterior than the inferior aspect	superior aspect
In which plane do each kidney lies	oblique
How many degrees are the kidneys rotated anteriorly	30 degrees toward the aorta
In what projection does the lower kidney lies perpendicular to the IR	AP oblique with a rotation of 30 degrees
In what projection does the upper kidney lies parallel to the IR	AP oblique (LPO, RPO) with a rotation of 30 degrees
What is the level of the kidneys in a person of sthenic build	superior border of T12 to the level of the transverse processes of L3
In what body habitus does the kidneys lies somewhat higher	hypersthenic
In what body habitus does the kidneys lies somewhat lower	asthenic
The _____ kidney is slightly _______ than the left kidney	right, lower
what organ occupies a large space which makes one kidney lower than the other	liver
What is the name of the mass of fatty tissue that embed each kidney	adipose capsule
How many inches do the kidneys move during respiration or respiratory movement	1 inch
How many inches do the kidneys drop in the change from the supine to upright position	no more than 2 inches
What is the longitudinal slit on the concave medial border of each kidney	hilum
What is the central cavity of the kidney called	renal sinus
What is the outer layer of the kidney called	renal cortex
What is the inner layer of the kidney called	medulla
What are the essential microscopic componets of the parenchyma of the kidney called	nephron
How many nephrons are contained in the kidney	1 million
Which vessel enters the capsule of the kidney	afferent arteriole
Which vessel leaves the capsule of the kidney	efferent arteriole
Which structure of the kidney continues from the glomerular capsule in the cortex	renal tubule
What does the renal tubules become after they travel through the cortical and medullary substances	proximal convoluted tubules
The the renal tubules travel to the _____ after the proximal convoluted tubules	the nephron loop or loop of henle
After the loop of henle the renal tubules travels to the ______	distal convoluted tubules
The distal convoluted tubules opens into the the __________ that begins in the cortex	collecting ducts
What ducts converge toward the renal pelvis	collecting ducts
A central tubule that opens at the _____ and drains its tributaries into the minor calyx	renal papilla
What are cup shaped stems arising at the sides of the papiulla of each renal pyramid	calyces
what are the beginning branches called	minor calyces
How many calyces are there	between 4 to 13
What do the minor calyces unite to form	three large tubes called major calyces
What do the major calyces unite to form	the expanded funnel shaped renal pelvis
Where does the wide upper portion of the renal pelvis lies	within the hilum
How many inches long is the ureters	10 to 12 inches
What structure of the unrinary system descends behind the peritoneum and in front of the psoas muscles	ureters
What structure of the urinary in front of the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae and pass in front of the sacral wing	ureters
What structure of the excretory system curve to enter posterolateral surface of the urinary bladder, the level of the ischial spine	ureters
What structure conveys the urine from the renal pelves to the bladder by slow peristalistic contractions	ureters
What structure is a musculomembranous sac, a reservoir for urine	bladder
Male or Female: the bladder is posterior and superior to the pubic symphysis and is anterior to the rectum	male
What is the bladder anterior to in the female	vaginal canal
What part of the bladder is at an anterosuperior aspect	apex
What is the most fixed part fo the bladder	neck
What part does the neck of the bladder rest on in the male	prostate
What part does the neck of the bladder rest on in the female	pelvic diaphragm
According to what does the bladder varies in size shape ,and portion	its contents
Where is the bladder located when it is empty	pelvic cavity
What shape does the bladder assume when it is full	oval
How many mL does the adult bladder holds when it is full	500 mL
How much mL of urine in the bladder for the desire of micturition or urination to occur	250 mL
What are the the two orifices (openings) of the bladder are equidistant from	urethal orifice
What is the triangle between the two orifices called	trigone
What are the folds of the bladder when it is empty	rugae
What structure conveys the urine out of the body	urethra
What is a narrow musculomembranous tube with a sphincter type of muscule at the neck of the bladder	urethra
How many inches is the urethra of the female	1 1/2 inches
How many inches is the urethra of a male	7 to 8 inches
What is located in the vestibule about 1 inch anterior to the vaginal opening	female urethra
What extends from the bladder to the end of the penis and divided into the prostatic, membranous, and spongy portions	male urethra
What serves as an excretory canal for the reproductive system	male urethra
What has a small glandular body surrounding the proximal part of the male urethra	prostate
What part of the prostate is attached to the inferior surface of the urinary bladder	conical base
How many inches does the prostate measure transversely	1 1/2 inches
How many inches does the prostate measures anteroposteriorly	3/4 inch
What secretes a milky fluid that combines with semen	prostate gland
What enters the urethra via ducts in the prostatic urethra	secretions
What is the condition: two renal pelvi and /or ureters from the same kidney	duplicate collecting system
What is the condition: fusion of the kidneys, usually at the lower poles	horseshoe kidney
What is the condition: kidney that fails to ascend and remains in the pelvis	pelvic kidney
What is inflammation of the bladder	cystitis
What is distension of the renal pelvis and calyces with urine	hydronephrosis
What is massive enlargement of the kidney with the formation of many cysts	polycystic kidney
What is the inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis	pyelonephritis
What is the condition: increased blood pressure of the kidney	renal hypertension
What is the most common childhood abdominal neoplasm affecting the kidney	wilms
What is ballooning of the lower end of the ureter into the bladder	ureterocele
What is backward flow of urine from the bladder into the ureters	vesicoureteral reflux
What contrast medium is used for the radiograph of the urinary system	iodinated
What precede the specilalized procedures	scout of the abdominopelvic area
What projection does the preliminary examination consist of	AP
What projections is taken to localize calcium and tumor masses	oblique and lateral
What position is used to demonstrate the mobility of the kidneys	upright
What demonstrate the position and mobility of the kidneys and usually their size and shape	preliminary radiographs
What must the canals be filled with to visualize the thin walled drainage, or collecting system and pelves,ureters, and urinary bladder	contrast medium
What twpo structures of the urinary system cannot be distinguished on preliminary radiographs	ureters and urethra
What is opacified for the delineation and differentiation of cysts and tumor masses situated in the kidney	renal parenchyma
How is the renal parenchyma opacified	with iodinated contrast medium and then radiographed by tomagraphy or CT
How is the contrast solution introduced for constrast studies	into vein by rapid injection or by infusion
What procedures are used to investigate the blood vessels of the kidneys and suprarenal glands	angiographic
What general term under which the radiologic investigations of the renal drainage, or collecting system or proformed	urography
what technique allow the contrast medium to enter the kidney in the normal direction of the blood flow	antegrade filling
Which filling introduce the contrast material directly into the kidney through a percutaneous puncture of the renal pelvis	antegrade
What technique require that the contrast agent to be administered intravenously	excretory or intravenous urography (IVU)
What does antegrade mean	functioning
Why is the contrast medium administrered intravenously	to demonstrate all parts of the urinary system
What term refers to the demonstration of the pelves and the calyces	pyelography
What was another name for the pyelogrphy used years ago	IVP
What procedure requires that the contrast material is introduced against the normal flow	retrograde filling (urography)
Where is the contrast medium directed for the retrograde filling	into the canals
How are the canals filled of the upper urinary tract for retrograde urography	ureteral catherization
How is the lower part of the urinary tract filled with contrast	urethral catherization
What type of procedure is the retrograde urographic examination of the proximal urinary tract	urologic
Who performs the catherization and filling of the urinary tract	urologist
what does the urologist obtain due to catherization and contrast filling of the urinary canal	catherized specimens of urine
What provides more information of the anatomy of the different parts of the collecting system	retrograde urographic examination
What term is the bLadder examination usually denoted	cytography
What procedure examines the lower ureters	cystoureterography
what procedures examines the urethra	cystourethrography
What does retrograde mean	anatomy
What type of salts are used in cystography and what percentage	iodinated 30% or less
What contrast medium was introduced inthe 70's and is used today	nonionic contrast medium
What contrast is less likely to cause a reactionin the patient but is twice as expensive as ionic agents	nonionic contrast emdium
Whose choice is it to use ionic or nonioic contrast medium	depends on the patient risk and economics
How long does adverse reacion last	they are mild and of short duration
What are the feling of warmth, flushing, and sometimes a few hives	they are characteristic reactions
What are other characteristics of the adverse reaction	vomiting, nausea, and edema of the respiratory mucous membrane
What must be carefully checked of each patient	clinical history
When does most reactions to contrast medium occur after administration	first 5 minutes
What must not be done after the first 5 minutes of administering the contrast medium	leaving the patient unattended
What must be readily available for treating adverse reactions	emergency equipment and medication
What must be free of gas and solid fecal material	intestinal tract
What is not attempted in infants and children	bowel preparation
What position exerts pressure on the abdomen and moves gas laterally away from the pelvicaliceal structures	prone
What preparation require the patient to follow a low residue diet for 1 to 2 days, eat a light evening meal on the day before exam	bowel preparation
What is administered to the patient for the bowel preparation	a non gas forming laxative evening of the exam
True or False: the patient should have nothing by mouth after midnight on the day of the exam	true
What are patients with multiple myeloma, high uric acid levels or diabetes at risk for	induced renal failure
How many cups of water does the patient drink before the retrograde urography	4 or 5 cups (large amount)
What preparation is usually necessary for the lower urinary tract	none
What table is suitable for the preliminary excretory urography and most retrograde studies of the bladder and urethra	standard radiographic table
what procedure requires a table equipped with tomographic apparatus	infusion nephrourography
What should be performed when intestinal gas obscures some of the underlying structures during retrograde urographic procedures	tomography
What markers should be used during the retrograde urographic procedures	time-interval markers, body position markers
What is taken to demonstrate the mobility of the kidneys	upright study
what shows a sharply defined outline of the kidneys, lower border of the liver and lateral margin of the psoas muscles	urograms
What is not applied over the upper abdomen in urographic examination	immobilization band
What may cause resultant pressure to interfere with the passage of fluid through the ureters	immobilization band
What depends on exposure time and on securing the full cooperation of the patient	elimination of motion
What should be explained to the patient	the examination
What depends on the success of the examination	ability of the radiographer to gain the confidence of the patient
What is done to retard flow of the opacified urine into the bladder and adequate filling of the renal pelves and calyces	compression
Where are the ureters centered if compression is used	at the level of the ASIS
What should slowly be released when the compression device is removed to reduce pain caused by rapid change	pressure
What is contraindicated if a patient has urinary stones, an abdominal mass or aneurysm, a colostomy, a suprapubic catheter or traumatic injury	compression
What is the breathing instructions for the retrograde filling (urography)	at the end of expiration
What should be done if an exposure is made at a respiratory phase different than what is usually used	the image should be so marked
What projection is used to demonstrate the mobility of the kidneys	AP
What projection maybe required to localize a tumor mass or to differentiate renal stones from gallstones or calcified mesentertic nodes	lateral in the decubitus position
What projection demonstrates the the contour of the kidneys, their location in the supine position, and the prescence of renal or other calculi	AP projection with the patient recumbent
What projection serves to check the preparation of the gastrointestinal tract and to make any necessary alteration in the exposure factors	AP projectiion with the patient recumbent
What type of radiation protection is the radiographer responsible for	work carefully so that repeat exposures are not necessary
What do the IVU demonstrates	function and structure of the urinary system
What is demonstrated by the ability for the kidneys to filter contrast medium and concentrate it with urine	function
What is usually visualized as the contrast material follows the excretion route of the urine	anatomic structures
What are these indication: abdominal masses, renalcysts, renal tumors, urolithiasis, pyelonephritis, hydronephrosis, trauma, preoperative location, size,and shape of the kidneys and ureters,renal hypertension	IVU
What is the condition for calculi or stones	urolithiasis
What is pyelonephritis	infection of upper urinary tract
What is abnormal dilation of the pelicaliceal system	hydronephrosis
What the ability of the kidneys to filter contrast medium from the blood and the patient allergic history related to	common contridictions for IVU
Which patients arte strong candidates to receive a nonionic contrast medium or should be examined using another modality	older patients with risks factors
what prevents dilution of the contrast mendium with urine	emptying the bladder
What of the patients should be reviewed before the radiographic procedure	clinical history, allergic history, blood chemistry levels
What is the normal creatine level	0.6-1.5 mg/100mL
What is the normal blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level	8-25 mg/100mL
What position is the patient in for the intravenous urography exam	supine position
What should be done before placing the patient on the table for the intravenous urography exam	attach the footboard
What radiograph is obtained before the first postinjection exposure	scout radiograph (preliminary)
t medium is administered by the examining physician	30 to 100mL
What should be produced at certain intervals from the time of the completion of contrast medium	radiographs
Where do the contrast agent normally begin to appear	in the pelvicaliceal system within 2 to 8 minutes
When do the greatest concentration of contrast medium in the kidneys normally occur	15 to 20 minutes after the injection
What is determined after the IR is exposed, processed and reviewed	the kidney function
What does some physicians perfer following a bolus injection if the contrast medium	a 30 second image to obtain a nephrogram
What may be taken at a 5 to 10 minute intervals	a 30 degree AP oblique projections
What is taken to detect residual urine, small tumor masses, or enlargement of prostate gland	a postvoid radiograph
What will be filtered from the blood by the kidneys and eventually excreted in the urine	contrast medium remaining in the body
What is suggested that the patient preform after exam	drink extra fluid for a few days to help flush out the contrast medium
What exam is taken after the bolus injection	nephrotomography
What projection of the nephrotomography best visualize the renal parenchyma, nephrons and collection tubes	AP projection
What is primarily performed to evaluate renal hypertension (indication)	nephrotomography
How can the contrast medium be injected rapidly	by bolus injection
How can the contrast medium be injected more slowly	by IV infusion
What is performed by injecting a large amount of highly concentrated, iodinated contrast medium	bolus injectin nephrontomography
What works better with bolus	tomograms
What procedure is performed with the injection of a contrast medium into the cyst under fluoroscopic control	percutaneous renal puncture
What are most masses clearly diagnosed as	cystic by ultrasound
What procedure is used on patients with hydronephrosis	percutaneous antegrade pyelography
What exam provide little physiologic information about the urinary system	retrograde urography AP projection
What procedure is used for patients who have renal insufficiency or who have allergic reaction to iodinated contrast media.(indication)	retrograde urography
What is reduced because the contrast medium is not introduced into the circulatory system for the retragrade urography	incidence of reactions
What conditions are the retrograde uragram carried out	under aseptic conditions
Who performs the retrograde urogram	attending urologist with the assistance of a nurse and radiographer
Where is the retrograde uragraphy performed	in urology department or radiology department
Who is responsible for the equipment and draping of the patient	nurse
Who is responsible for overhead parts of the readiographic equipment fre from dust for the protection of the operative field and the sterile layout	radiographer
Who positions the patient on the radiographic table	radiographer
What position requires that the patient be positioned with knees flexed over the stirrups of the adjustable leg supports	modified lithotomy position
Who performs catherization of the ureters through a ureterocystoscope	urologist
What are taken after two catheterized specimens of urine	urologist test kidney function
What are the three AP projections most commonly used for the retrograde urographic series	preliminary radiographs: showing the ureteral cather in position, pyelogram, and ureterogram
What additional projections are sometimes required	RPO or LPO (AP oblique) projections
What is indicated for vesicoureteral reflux, recurrent lower urinary tract infection bladder trauma, fistulae, urethral stricture	retrograde studies of the lower urinary tract
What are contridictions to the lower urinary tract studies are related to	catherization of the urethra
What is the contrast agents for contrast studies of the lower urinary tracts	ionic solution
What is the names of the ionic solutions used in the studies of the lower urinary tract	sodium or meglumine diatrizoates or the newer nonionic contrast medium
What happens to the organic compounds used for IVU's	their concentration is reduced for retrograde urography
When are patients usually catherized	before they are brought into the radiology department
When the patient is to be catherized inthe radiology department what must be set up to specification	sterile catherization tray
What is as preliminary preparation	patient given as much privacy as possible
How is the contrast medium introduced into the bladder	by injection or infusion through a catheter passed through urethral canal
When are studies made for retrograde cystology	during voiding for the delineation of the urethral canal
What are the four projections of the initial cystographic images	1 AP, 2 AP obliques, 1 lateral
* Where is the long axis of the IR centered for the lateral projection (dorsal decubitus position) of the urinary system	midcoronal plane of the patient's body
* What point of the patient"s body is the IR centered	to the level of the iliac crest
* What is the respiration for the urogram examination	expiration
* What position demonstrates the ureteropelvic junction in the prescence of hydronephrosis	central decubitus position
* What projection demonstrates the mobility of the kidneys and opacified bladder	AP
* What projections are useful in demonstrating the distal ends of the ureters	Trendelenburg and AP
* Where is the IR centered for the AP projection of the urinary system	at the level of the iliac crest
* What is the respiration for the AP projection of the urinary system	end of expiration
* What position of the urinary system will the ureters fill better	prone
* What position is recommended for the filling the obstructed ureter in the prescence of hydronephrosis	prone
* What structures are clearly demonstrated in the AP and PA projections	bladder, pubic symphysis, short scale contrast, no artifacts, and time marker
* Which kidney will be perpendicular to the IR in the AP oblique projection of the urinary system	the kidney closer to the IR
* Which kidney will be parallel to the plane of the IR in the AP oblique projection of the urinary system	kidney farthest from the IR
* How is the patient turned in the AP oblique projection of the urinary system	30 degrees from the plane of the IR ( the midcoronal plane)
* Where is IR centered for the AP oblique projection of the urinary system	at the level of the iliac crest
* What is the respiration for the AP oblique projection of the urinary system	end of expiration
* Where is the CR directed for the AP oblique projection of the urinary system	perpendicular to the IR at level of iliac crest
* Where do the CR enter for the AP oblique projection of the urinary system	approximately 2 inches lateral to the midline on the elevated side
* Which kidney will be parallel to the IR for the AP oblique projection of the urinary system	the elevated kidney
Which kidney will be perpendicular to the IR for the AP oblique projection of the urinary system	the downside kidney
* Where do the CR enter the patient in the lateral projection of the urinary system and where is it directed	entering the patient at the level of the iliac crest and perpendicular to the IR
* What do the lateral projection of the urinary system demonstrates	displacement of a kidney and to localize calcareous areas and tumor masses
* How many degrees is the CR angled and in what direction is the CR directed in the AP axial projection of the urinary bladder	30 degrees and caudal
* Where do the central enter for the AP axial projection of the urinary bladder	2 inches above the upper border of the pubic symphysis
* How many degrees is the CR angled and in what direction is the CR directed in the PA axial projection of the urinary bladder	10 to 15 degrees cephalad
* Where do the CR enter for the PA axial projection of the urinary bladder	1 inch distal to the tip of the coccyx
* How is the CR centered in the PA axial projection of the urinary bladder	perpendicular to the Pubic symphisis for voiding studies
* Whatstructures are shown for the AP axial and PA axial projections of the urinary system	bladder filled with contrast, and if relux the distal ureters are visualized
* How many degrees do you rotate the patient for the AP oblique projection of the urinary bladder	40 to 60 degrees RPO or LPO
* What is the respiration for the AP oblique projection of the urinary bladder	suspend at end of expiration
* Where is the CR fall for the AP oblique projection of the urinary bladder	2 inches above the upper border of the pubic symphysis and 2 inches medial to he upper ASIS
* What is the respiration for lateral projection of the urinary bladder	suspend at end of expiration
* Where is the CR directed for the lateral projection of the urinary bladder	perpendicular to IR and 2 inches above border of the pubic symphysis or 2 inches below the ASIS
What does the lateral projection of the urinary bladder demonstrates	anterior and posterior bladder walls and base of bladder
* How many degrees are the patient rotated for the AP projection of the male cystourethrography	35 to 40 degrees
* What is usually projected anterior to the bladder neck, proximal urethra, and prostate	body of the elevated pubic symphysis
What study is performed when the bladder is filled with contrast material for the male cystourethrography	voiding study
What is the average length of the female urethra	3.5 cm
What does the female urethra open into	bladder
What level is the female urethra opening situated	the superior border of the pubic symphysis
What female organ is subject to tumors, abcesses, diverticula, dilation, and stricture	female urethra
when are contrast studies made in the investigation of abnormalilties other than stress incontinence for the AP projection of the female cystourethography	during the injection or during voiding
How is the bladder drained for the AP projection of the female cystourethography	inserrion of a catheter just before injection of the contrast solution
How is the IR placed centered for the AP projection of the female cystourethrography	lengthwise and centered at the level of the superior border of the pubic symphysis
How many degrees is the CR angled and what direction for the AP projection of the female cystourethrography	5 degrees caudal
Why is the CR angled 5 degrees for the AP projection for the female cystourethography	to free superimposition of the bladder neck
What other projections may also be required in addition to the AP projection for the female cystourethography	oblique projections
What is the matallic bead chain cyatourethography used for	stress incontinence
What projections are compared for the female cystourethrography	AP and lateral projections
What two sets of images are obtained for the AP projection for the female cystourethography	AP and lateral
What is placed between the patients thighs to relieved the fear of voiding	a towel or disposable pad
What organization includes venipuncture and IV medication administration in the curriculum guidelines	ASRT
What must the technilogist who perform the venipuncture and contrast media administration be knowledgeable about	state regulation and facility policies
What is based on cognitive knowledge, proficiency in psychomotor skills, positive values and validation in a clinical setting	competency in the skills of venipuncture and contrast media administration
What must the technologist have an extensive knowledge of in the radiology department	all medications
What must the technologist know before administrating any medications	medication's name, dosages, indications, contradictions, and possible adverse reactions
How must the technologist provide information about the procedure	in terms the patient can understand layman's terms
What is important is expaining the procedure to the patient	steps in the procedure, expecteed duration, and limitations or restrictions
What should never be told to the patient	that the insertion of the neddle used for venipuncture does not hurt
What must the technologist tell the patient about the venipuncture procedure	the truth and explain that the amount of pain experienced varies with each patient
What is the indication of benadryl	allergic reactions
What is the indication of demerol	mild to moderate pain
What is the indication of morphine	severe pain
What is the indication of phenegran	nausea, sedation
What is the indication of valium	anxiety
What is the indication of versed	preoperative sedation (to induce sleepiness or drowiness and relieve apprehension)
What assessment history is documented before any medication is administered	any known allergies to food and medications
What is the average BUN level and creatine level	BUN 10 to 20 mg/dL, creatinine level 0.05 to 1.2 mg/dL
What exists each time the body system is entered	contamination
What must always be used when medications are administered with a neddle	aseptic techniques and universal precautions
What equipment of venipuncture consist of a barrel, tip, and plunger	syringe
What happens to all needdles used in venipuncture	they are used only once and disposable
How do hypodermic neddles vary	in length and gauge
What does neddle gauge refer ro	diameter
True or False: a 18 gauge neddle is larger than a 22 gauge neddle	true
What happens when the bore of the neddle increases	the volume of fluid may be administered rapidly
How is the length of a neddle measured	in inches
How many inches is the neddle used for intradermal injection	1/2 inch
How many inches is the neddle used for intrathecal spinal injection	4 1/2 inches
How many inches are the neddles used in IV injections	1 to 1 1/2 inches long
What has three parts: hub, cannula or shaft, or bevel	neddle
Why should the neddle be examined before and after use	determine any structural defects nonbeveled points and bent shafts
What are perferable to conventional hypodermic neddles for radiography	butterfly sets or angiocatheters
What are often called wings on the butterfly sets or neddles	plastic appendages
Whatof the butterfly neddle aid in inserting the neddle and stabilizing the neddleonce venous patency has been confirmed	plastic appendages
What neddle is recommended for long term therapy or for rapid infusion	over the neddle canula
what must the technologist do before administering medication for venipuncture	identify correct patient
What is the first step in preparing a bottle of vial for a procedure	evaluate for contamination
Why do containers have rubber stoppers	to insert a hypodermic neddle
What vial is cleaned with an alcohol wipe	multiple dose vial
What is maintained and to reduce the chance of possible infection	closed system
What is injected into the bottle to equal the same amount of desired fluid	air
What is pulled back to the level of the desired amount of medication	plunger of the syringe
What method is used to recap syringes	one handed method
What must never be done to neddles	recap them
What is critical for venipuncture	selection of an appropriate vein
Why should a vein that is palpated not be used	it may be a vessel or artery
What are the prime factors in selecting a vein	stability of location, condition of the vein, purpose of the infusion, and duration of therapy
Where are the veins found in establishing an IV access	anterior forearm, posterior hand, radial aspect of the wrist and antecubital space on the anterior surface of the elbow
What is the general rule of selecting a IV site	select most distal site
What are the characteristic of selecting the most distal vein	one that could accept the desired size neddle, tolerate injection rate and solution
What veins may be most accessible , largest, and easiest to puncture	veins in the antecubital space
What must be done if the site for venipucture site is hairy	site is cleaned and clipped
Why should hair be clipped from venipuncture site	t permit better cleansing from the skin and visualize the vein
What is used to cleanse the skin	antiseptic
How long should the anteseptic remain on the skin	30 seconds
How is the skin cleaned for the preparatioin of venipuncture	circular motion from the center of the infection site approximately 2 inch circle
What two courses are used for the techniques of venipuncture	indirect two step entry method and direct method one step entry method
Which method of venipuncture requires thrusting the canula through the skin and into the vein in one quick motion	direct one step method
Which method of venipuncture requires the over the neddle canula inserted into the skin adjacent to or below the point where the vein is invisible and then is advanced and maneuvered to peirced the vein	indirect method two step method
Where is the tourniquet placed during the venipuncture	6 to 8 inches above the site
What hand do the technologist holds the patient's limb	nondominant hand
How do the technologist use the thumb	to stabilize and anchor the vein
What do the technologist holds with the dominant hand	to place the neddle bevel up at a 45 degree angle to the skin's surface
How many degrees do the technologist decrease the angle of the neddle	15 degrees from the long axis of the vessel
How do the technologist use the indirect method to insert the butterfly neddle	with a downward motion, and advances the neddle parallel and then punctures the vein
What must be done once the vein os punctured and a blood return	release the tourniquet
What happens if back flow of blood do not occur	placement verification is to attach a syringe of normal saline
What do the technologist do before cleaning the injection site	wash hands
If a bolus injection is desired what is not released	tourniquet
How is the neddle anchored as arequired policy	with tape and dressing
what should be done to the injection site during injection process	observed and palpated
What is the process whereby a fluid passes into the tissue instead of the vein	infiltration
What should be done before the contrast medium is injected	th e line should be flushed with normal saline through the port closest to the injection site
How many times is the line flushed	2 times
What does the technologist do after the medication is administered for the venipuncture	remove any tape or protective dressing covering the puncture site
How is the neddle removed after administration of medication if IV	pulled directly from the vein
What is applied to the gauze only after the neddle removed	direct pressure
Where do the technologist put contaminated gloves, neddles, and gauze	appropriate disposal containers
What are the classification of reactions due to the medication during venipuncture	mild moderate and severe
Which reaction include sensation of warmth, a metallic taste, or sneezing	mild
Which reaction include nausea, voiting, or itching	moderate
which reaction include anaphalactic shock, and reaction can cause respiratory or cardiac crisis	severe
What are these signs of: swelling, redness, burning, and pain	infiltration
What is the most common cause of extravasation	displacement of neddle
What are common therapies for filtration	application of ice if less than 30 minutes have passed since filtration, application of warm wet compress if filtration occurred more than 30 minutes previously
What are the five rights of medication administration	right patient, right medication, right route, right amount, right time
How many times is the medication verified	3 times
When is the medication verified	during selection process, during preparation, before administration
How is the amount of medication determined	by the physician or the department protocols
Who determine the right time, right amount, and right route, type of medication and the procedure	physician
What is included in every patient's permanent medical record	documentation of the five rights of medication administration
What should the documentation include in addition to the five rights	size, type, and location of the neddle, number of venipuncture attempts, identity of health care personnel who performed he procedure, and how the patient responde to the procedure

Created by: rachel43

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