poop
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| response to stressors influenced by: | the way we judge both the events and our capacity to react to them in an effective way
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| 2 main stress disorders | actue stress disorder and PTSD; also psychophysiological diorders affecting medical coniditons
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| part of brain that sets features of arousal and fear in motion | hypthalamus; triggers the auonomic nervous system and endocrine system
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| autonomic nervous system | extensive ntwork of nerve fibers that connect the central nercous system (brain and spinal chord) - control INVOLUNTARY activities of organs - breathing, heartbeat, blood pressure
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| endocrine system | network of glands located thruout body that release hormones into bloodstream
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| sympathetic nervous system | autonomic nercous system fibers that work to quicken heartbeat and produce other changes w/ fear and anxiety ***read pg 135
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| parasympathetic nervous system | when perceived danger passes, helps return heartrate and body to normal
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| hpyothalamic-pituitary-adrenal pathway | pathway by which arousal and fear reactions are produced; when stressed, hypothalamus signals pituitary gland to secrete ACTH (stress hormone) ***p. 136
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| trait anxiety | general level of arousal and anxiety that each of us brings to the events in our lives
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| variations in situation for stress disorders | situation/state anxiety
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| % of all cases of acute stress disorder that develop in to PTSD | 80%
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| main symptoms of acute stress disorder and PTSD | -reexperieneing the traumatic event - avoidance (situations and acitivites that remind them of event) - reduced responsiveness (some dissocation/psychological separation) - increased arousal, anxiety and guilt
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| % of people who experience stress disorders in any given year | 3.5%
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| % of lifetime stress disorder | 7-9%
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| % who seek treatment at somet point | 2/3rds although few do so when first develop disorder
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| women : men stress disorders | 2 to 1
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| % of women who experience trauma that develop stress disorder | 20%
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| % of men who experience trauma that develops stress disorder | 8%
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| % of vietnam vets that experienced stress disorder | 29%
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| % of vietnam vets who experienced at least some stress symptoms | 22%
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| % of iraq soldiers w/ ptsd | 20%
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| % more likely to experience ptsd with more than one deployment | 50%
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| ptsd: 10 to 1 ratio | natural disasters to combat
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| % of traffic accident victims with PTSD | 40%
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| % of people who get PTSD from physical/sexual assault; % exposed directly to torture or terrorism | 1/3; 50%
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| % of women raped during her life | 1/6 (70% by relative or acquiantance)
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| rape distress cycle: | enormous stress after rape; continues to rise for next 3 weeks; maintins peak level for month then starts to improve. Up to 94% qualify for stress disorder around 12 days after assault
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| stress disoders: biological/physicological changes | PTSD people have abnormal activity of hormone cortisol and neurotransmitter/hormone norepinephrine in urine, blool, saliva; one have PTSD, further biochemical arousal may eventually damage brain areas (hippocampus and amygdala)
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| which ethnic group has experienced higher PTSD from iraq? | hispanic americans
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| % of PTSD in racial groups after 9/11 | hispanics: 14% (may view traumatic events as inevitable and unalterable - may heighten
blacks: 9%
whites: 7%
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| % of cases that improve w/in 6 months | 50%
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| % of people who may fail to respond to treatment even after many years | 1/3
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| treatments for PTSD | drug therapy (anti-anxiety drugs), behavioral exposure techniques (single most helpful), insight therapy, family therapy, group therapy, flooding
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| form of exposure therapy used with flooding | eye movement desensitization and processing - clients eyes move inrhythmic manner while flooding minds with images of objects and situations they orindarily avoid
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| cognitive PTSD treatment | guide veterans to examine and change dysfunctional attitued and styles of interpretation that emerge as result of their experiences
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| group therapy where veterans meet with others to share experiences, feelings, give support | rap group
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| crisis intervention that has victims talk about trauma extensively and their feeings within days of incident | psychological debriefing or critical incident stress debriefing (not effective, higher rates of PTSD)
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| class of physical illnesses that seem to result from interaction of biological, psychological and sociocultural factors | psychophysiological or psychosomatic disorders -- bring about actual physical damage
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| traditional psychophysiological disorders | ulcers (20 million ppl in US), asthama (70% caused by combo of psychosocial factors like environmental pressures/anxiety and phys like allergies , insomnia, chronic headaches (tension headaches and migrane headaches), hypertension (chronic high BP); corHD
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| leading cause of death in US | conornary heart disease
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| believed cause of psychosocial disorders | defects in the autonomic nervous system - nerves to organs system
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| psychophysiological disorders: causes -- | -men with repressive coping style experience sharp rise in blood pressure and HR when stressed
-type A personality (in study, 2x as many type As got heart disease as type B men)
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| relationship between poor people with high stressors and: | poor medical care = psychophysiologcial issues
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| worst access to healthcare in US | hispanic women (1/2 poor hispanic women have no healthcare)
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| area of study that ties stress and illness to immune system | psychoimmunology
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| LCU scale | life changing units. used to look at relationship between life stress and onset of illness. LCU higher before sickness, If person has life changes over 300 LCU likely to deveop serious health problem (shortcoming= racial/ethnic issues)
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| study of how stressful events result in viral or bacterial infection | psychoneuroimmunology
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| bodys network of activities and cells that identify and destroy antigens | immune system
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| foregn invaders like bacteria, viruses | antigens
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| white blood cells that circulate thru lymph system and bloodstream and help body overcome antigens | lymphocytes
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| produce antibodies | B cells
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| effect of stress on immune system | stress interferes with lymphocytes activity- slows down and increases suceptibility. Study: lymphocytes lower in bereaved people than controls
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| neurotransmitter that contributes to slowdown of immune system | norepinephrine - inhibitory message to stop activity of lymphocytes (corticosteroids also contribute)
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| cytokines | proteins that bind to receptors through body, as stress increases, growing production of cytokines can cause chronic infalmmation contributes to heart disease, etc
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| field of treatment that combines psychological and physical approaches to treat or prevent medical rpboelms | behavioral medicine
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| psychological treatments for physical disorders | relaxation training, biofeedback, meditation, hypnosis, congitive interventions
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| physical issues- help of hypnosis | esp for control of pain
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| cognitive interventions for physical issues | teach new attitudes or cognitive responses to ailments ex: i cant take this pain >> when pain comes, just pause and keep focusing on what have to do
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