Things to know for the exam
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| Preparation Processes | show 🗑
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| show | Burning away fibre ends from the fabric’s surface in order to give a smooth finish. Commonly used for cotton fabrics.
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| show | The purpose of bleaching is to improve the whiteness/remove the colour of natural fibres. During oxidation, the naturally coloured substances become colourless and water soluble. Usually peroxide is used, although sometimes it is sodium chlorite.
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| Mercerizing | show 🗑
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| Intermediate Processes | show 🗑
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| Fixation | show 🗑
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| show | Washing treatments remove dirt, oils and sizes. Counter-flow and recycling systems reduce the volume of water lost.
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| Dewatering and Drying | show 🗑
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| show | To prevent misshape after the stress of production, dyeing and finishing the fabric is heated up then cooled gently.
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| Mechanical Finishes | show 🗑
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| show | Rollers covered in small hooks rotate over the surface of the fabric, teasing the ends of fibres out to form a pile. This weakens the fabric, but produces a fluffy and soft raised fabric which is very warm.
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| show | To improve the lustre and emboss patterns, smooth the surface and compact the fabric under pressure a set of rollers using heat and/or pressure is used. These fabrics require dry cleaning so the lustrous finish is not spoilt.
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| show | This process subjects the fabric (either cotton or its synthetic blends) to emery wheels, making the surface velvet-like. This is a special finish used mostly in garments.
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| Shrinking | show 🗑
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| show | To fix the colour in the fabric, the printed fabric passes through a series of ovens set at around 160°C.
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| Chemical Finishes | show 🗑
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| show | Specifically formulated substances that contain silicones or synthetic resins are applied to the fabric to make them water or oil based stains resistant.
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| show | This causes a fabric to inhibit the growth of microbes.
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| show | Most fabrics, especially children’s nightwear, furnishings and protective clothing have particular substances applied so that they will burn very slowly.
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| Water repellent | show 🗑
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| Easy-care | show 🗑
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| Anti-static | show 🗑
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| show | Pilling often occurs with woollen fabrics or those made from synthetic fibres. To prevent small balls from forming on the surface of the fabric, solvents or polymers are applied to form a film on the surface of the fabric.
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| show | Chemicals are applied to the fabric to repel moths by making the fibres inedible.
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| show | The fabric is finished with a chemical called Hyfresh. This repels the dust mites, which can cause asthma, so that they migrate to areas which can be vacuumed.
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| show | The dyestuff is dissolved or dispersed in water. Salt and other chemicals help fix the dye in the cloth so that it retains the colour in use and when washed. There are three main types of dyeing:
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| show | the fabric is passed through a small pad bath containing liquid dye. It is then squeezed between rollers so the dye is evenly spread across the fabric.
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| Batch | show 🗑
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| show | the fabric is passed through the dye and is then wound up onto a batching roller which holds a very long length of fabric.
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| show | Screen printing processes are used for printing a large majority of fabrics for both furnishings and clothing. A pattern is printed onto the fabric through a stencilled screen. There are two main techniques:
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| show | This is the main process used for printing fabric
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| Flat Screen Printing | show 🗑
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| show | The dye is sprayed onto the fabric by the printer, but there are no suitable jet printers for large-scale printing of fabric
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| show | Glass is not often used in textiles, but glass fibre can be used in interior or furnishing textile products. Glass fibre has distinctive properties: it does not deteriorate in sunlight, it is resistant to mould and moths, it reflects and filters light.
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| Polartec | show 🗑
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| Synchilla | show 🗑
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| Lyocell fibres (e.g. Tencel) | show 🗑
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| Composite fabrics | show 🗑
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| show | can absorb multiple times their own mass in aqueous fluids, commonly used in baby & sanitary products, and filters. An example of a superabsorbent fabric is Oasis, an acrylic copolymer used to soak up oil spills at sea and produced as a non-woven fabric.
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| Metallics | show 🗑
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| show | Microencapsulation technology allows a variety of substances including aloe vera, vitamins or insect repellents to be added to the fabric.
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| show | Fabric membranes sandwiched and bonded together with other fabrics used laminated fabrics - desired properties of all fabrics used. Gore-Tex and Simpatex - let moisture out, but not in and so can be used to make practical fashion garments.
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| show | temperature sensitive fabrics - regulate body temperature. Paraffin changes: hot it becomes liquid - heat to pass out, cold it solidifies - keeps heat back. Other fabrics conduct electricity or electrical cables so when senses cold, heats the garment up.
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| Moisture wicking products | show 🗑
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| show | By adding silver to the composition of the fabric, you get the same effect as anti-bacterial treatments, but it's permanent. Killing the bacteria that make the person smell means the body odour would no longer be a problem.
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| fibrils | show 🗑
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| show | extremely thin layers
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| show | end product from spinning process; long bundle of fibres may or may not be twisted together. two main yarn types: filament yarn, from long filament fibres; staple yarn, from short staple fibres. The different stages of the staple spinning process:
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| show | a web of fibres all lying in the same direction.
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| Roving | show 🗑
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| Top | show 🗑
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| show | a long, continuous, filament fibre before it has been twisted with others into a yarn, or cut into short staple fibres.
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| Twist | show 🗑
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| A high twist | show 🗑
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| Traditional Spinning processesfor natural fibres – cotton, woollen, and worsted. | show 🗑
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| show | viscose and acrylic fibres
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| show | acrylic and acetate fibres
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| Melt spinning | show 🗑
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| The drawing process | show 🗑
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| Filaments | show 🗑
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| show | warp & weft woven together at right angles. warp threads are strong, run length of the loom. weft threads are woven betweenwarp using shuttle. warp threads run through heddle-raised & lowered so enough space for the shuttle to pass through the warp.
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| Fabric construction | show 🗑
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| Jacquard weaving | show 🗑
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| show | This process is very fast and depending on the type of loom used the weft yarn is passes across the shed with a shuttle, a gripper, an air jet or a water jet.
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| show | the thread is spun onto large cone and weft yarn is wound onto weft bobbins.
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| show | a set number of warp threads are wound onto the beam of the loom.
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| show | the warp yarns are threaded up the loom in order.
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| show | As the second most popular form of fabric production, knitted fabrics are produced by interlocking loops of yarn.
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| Weft knitting | show 🗑
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| Warp knitting | show 🗑
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