radiobiology chpt 36
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| what are late effects of radiation based on | low doses delivered over long periods of time
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| what are radiation protection guidelines based on | late effects of radiation
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| how must epidemiologic studies be conducted to study effects of low dose radiation | with millions of people
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| what effect was was caused by high doses in the early practices of radiology that caused callused, cracked and discolored skin on hands and forearms of radiologists | radiodermatitis
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| what type of stem cells are damaged by radiation | lymphatic
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| how long can effects be delayed in peripheral lymphocytes | 20 years
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| what responses are damage to circulating lymphocytes | early or late
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| low doses of radiation have been proven to cause what? | chromosome damage
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| what can be caused as a late effect of irradiation of blood forming organs | leukemia
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| what is used principally to produce radionuclides for usen in nuclear medicine | cyclotron
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| where are the largest particle accelerators in the world located | Argonne Nat'l Laboratory (USA) and CERN (Switzerland)
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| What type of problem did early cyclotron physicist have and why | cataracts due to looking directly into beam and high exposure
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| where do cataracts occur | posterior pole of the eye lens
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| what type of dose response are cataracts | non linear threshold (200 rads)
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| what type of CT machine is it common to modify exam to reduce eye dose | 2D ( not needed for 3D)
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| What is the life shortening span for every rad | 10 days ( worst case)
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| what is the life shortening span for radiation workers | 12 days (worst case)
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| formula for relative risk | observed cases/expected cases
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| what is the theory of radiation hormesis | that very small doses of radiation are good for us (below 10 rads)
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| What is the only theory we practice | ALARA
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| relative risk factor of 1 indicates what | no risk at all
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| relative risk factor of 1.5 indicates what | frequency of late response is 50% higher in the irradiated population
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| When can absolute risk be calculated | when 2 dose levels are known
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| who/what determines the absolute risk of radiation-induced malignant disease | NAS-BEIR
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| What is the value of absolute risk | 5x10^-4rem^-1
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| what type of responses are all radiation induced malignancy | stochastic
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| what is stochastic | no threshold even the smallest dose can cause an effect
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| how have radiation induced malignancy been observed | experimental animals (at human level they have been observed but insufficiet data)
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| what type of dose respone is leukemia | linear and non threshold
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| what groups have exhibited an elevated incidence of leukemia after radiation exposure | atomic bomb survivors, American radiologists, radiotherapy pt, and children irradiated in utero
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| where have we accumulated the most info for radiation induced leukemia | Atomic bomb survivors (Hiroshima and Nagasaki)
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| How much greater was the leukemia incidences for Hiroshima and Nagasaki survivors | 100 times
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| what is the latent period for radiation induced leukemia | 4 to 7 years
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| what is the risk period for radiation induced leukemia | 20 years
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| What year was the incidence of leukemia high in radiologist and why | 1940; no protection and received doses over 100 rad per year
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| What were pt with ankylosing spondylitis treated with and what problems did it cause | radiation helped pt to walk and function better but it was not known that it caused leukemia
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| why is it impossible to link cancer to radiation | because it occurs in high proportions of the population
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| what is known to cause thyroid cancer | doses of radiation to the thymus as children
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| what occupation was known to cause bone cancer | watch dial painters
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| what occupation was known to cause lung cancer | German miners exposed to radon
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| Skin cancer has what type of dose response | threshold
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| what caused liver cancer | thorotrast used for angiography between 1925 and 1945
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| how many additional deaths are predicted to occur because of Three Mile Island | 2
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| What is the BEIR | Biological effects of Ionizing Radiation
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| What effect does chronic low doses have on fertility | none
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| what is the most radiosensitive period in pregnancy | 1st trimster
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| what period is of the least concern in pregnancy | first 2 weeks ( response is all or nothing)
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| what is the risk of childhood leukemia after exposure in utero | 1.5
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| Why do we know the genetic effects on humans | mice and fruit fly studies
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| what is doubling dose | dose that produces twice the genetic mutations than with non irradiation
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| what are the abnormalities associated with radiation in utero | mental retardation and microcephaly (small head)
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| cancer is what type of effect of radiation exposure | late
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| what is the risk for skin cancer | 4:1
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| what is the latent period for skin cancer | 5 to 10 years
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