Medical Terminology for Health Professions
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| consists of the bones, bone marrow, cartilage, joints, ligaments, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, and bursa | skeletal system
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| the form of connective tissue that is the second hardest tissue in the human body | bone
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| what is harder than bone? | dental enamel
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| the tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone | periosteum
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| means surrounding | peri-
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| means bone | oste/o
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| the dense, hard, and very strong bone that forms the protective outer layer of bones | compact bone
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| lighter, and not as strong, as compact bone; this type of bone is commonly found in the ends and inner portions of long bones such as the femur. | spongy bone
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| what type of bone marrow is located within spongy bone? | RED bone marrow
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| located in the shaft of a long bone and is surrounded by compact bone | medullary cavity
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| means pertaining to the inner section | medullary
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| located within the spongy bone, is hemopoietic tissue that manufactures red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, and thrombocytes | RED bone marrow
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| means pertaining to the formation of blood cells | hemopoietic
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| means blood | hem/o
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| means pertaining to formation | -poietic
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| functions as a fat storage area, is composed chiefly of fat cells and is located in the medullary cavity | YELLOW bone marrow
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| the smooth, rubbery, blue-white connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones | cartilage
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| true or false: cartilage is more elastic than bone | TRUE
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| what also makes up the flexible parts of the skeleton such as the outer ear and the tip of the nose? | cartilage
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| covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints | articular cartilage
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| this type of cartilage makes smooth joint movement possible and protects the bones from rubbing against each other | articular cartilage
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| the curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints, such as the knee and the temporomandibular joint of the jaw | meniscus
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| the shaft of a long bone | diaphysis
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| covered with articular cartilage, is the wide end of a long bone | epiphysis
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| covered with articular cartilage, is the wide end of a long bone; the _______ epiphysis is the end of the bone located nearest to the midline of the body | proximal
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| covered with articular cartilage, is the wide end of a long bone; the _______ epiphysis is the end of the bone located farthest away from the midline | distal epiphysis
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| an opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass | foramen; plural, foramina
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| a normal projection on the surface of a bone that serves as an attachment for muscles and tendons | process
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| the place of union between two or more bones, also known as articulations | joints
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| what are classified according to either their construction or based on the degree of movement they allow | joints
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| consisting of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, hold the bones tightly together | fibrous joints
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| fibrous joints, consisting of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, hold the bones tightly together; in ADULTS these joints are known as what? and do not allow any movement. | sutures
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| normally present on the skull of a newborn, also known as the soft spots | fontanelles
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| allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage | cartilaginous joints
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| what is this an example of? where the ribs connect to the sternum | cartilaginous joints
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| the cartilaginous joint known that allows some movement to facilitate childbirth | pubic symphysis
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| created where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions; these joints are also described based on their type of motion | synovial joint
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| allow a wide range of movement in many directions, such as the hips and shoulders | ball and socket joints
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| synovial joints that allow movement primarily in one direction or plane, such as the knees and elbows | hinge joints
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| consist of several components that make complex movements possible | synovial joints
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| the outermost layer of strong fibrous tissue that resembles a sleeve as it surrounds the joint | synovial capsule
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| lines the capsule and secretes synovial fluid | synovial membrane
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| flows within the synovial cavity, acts as a lubricant to make the smooth movement of the joint possible | synovial fluid
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| bands of fibrous tissue that form joints by connecting one bone to another bone, or joining bone to cartilage; (bone to bone) | ligaments
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| a fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas that are subject to friction | bursa
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| protects the major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems | axial skeleton
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| makes body movement possible and also protects the organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction | appendicular skeleton
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| anything that is attached to a major part of the body | appendage
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| consists of the eight bones that form the cranium, 14 bones that form the face, and six bones in the middle ear | skull
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| made up of the following eight bones, is the portion of the skull that encloses the brain | cranium
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| means skull | cranium
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| the six tiny bones of the middle ear | auditory ossicles
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| the bony structure that protects the heart and lungs, also known as the rib cage; consists of the ribs, sternum, and upper portion of the spinal column extending from the neck to the diaphragm, not including the arms | thoracic cavity
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| attach posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae, also known as costals | ribs
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| the first seven pairs of ribs; attached anteriorly to the sternum | true ribs
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| the next three pairs of ribs; attached anteriorly to cartilage that joints with the sternum | false ribs
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| the last two pairs of ribs; only attached posteriorly | floating ribs
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| forms the middle of the front of the rib cage and is divided into three parts, also known as the breastbone | sternum
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| supports the arms and hands; this is also known as the shoulder girdle | pectoral girdle
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| means a structure that encircles the body | girdle
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| a slender bone that connects the manubrium of the sternum to the scapula, also known as the collar bone | clavicle
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| also known as the shoulder blade | scapula
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| an extension of the scapula that forms the high point of teh shoulder | acromion
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| the bone of the upper arm | humerus
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| the smaller and shorter bone in the forearm; the _____ runs up the THUMB side of the forearm | radius
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| the larger and longer bone of the forearm; the _____ runs up the PINKY side of the forearm | ulna
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| a large projection on the upper end of the ulna; this forms the point of the elbow and exposes a nerve that tingles when struck, commonly known as the funny bone | olecranon process
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| the bones that form the wrist | carpals
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| the five bones that form the palms of the hand | metacarpals
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| the 14 bones of the fingers; the toes are also called this | phalanges
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| supports the head and body, and protects the spinal cord, also known as the vertebral column; this structure consists of 26 vertebrae | spinal column
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| the bony structure units of the spinal column | vertebrae
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| the solid anterior portion of the vertebrae | body of the vertebra
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| the posterior portion of a vertebra; the transverse and spinous processes extend from this area | lamina
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| the opening in the middle of the vertebra; the spinal cord passes through this opening | vertebral foramen
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| the first set of seven vertebrae that form the neck; they are also known as C1 through C7 | cervical vertebrae
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| means pertaining to the neck | cervical
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| make up the second set of 12 vertebrae; they form the outward curve of the spine and are known as T1 through T12 | thoracic vertebrae
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| means pertaining to the thoracic cavity | thoracic
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| make up the third set of five vertebrae and form the inward curve of the lower spine; they are known as L1 through L5; these are the largest and the strongest of teh vertebrae and bear most of the body's weight | lumbar vertebrae
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| means relating to the part of the back and sides between teh ribs and the pelvis | lumbar
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| slightly curved, triangular-shaped bone near the base of the spine that forms the lower portion of the back | sacrum
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| forms the end of the spine and is actually made up of four small vertebrae that are fused together, also known as the tailbone | coccyx
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| made of cartilage, separate and cushion the vertebrae from each other; these disks act as shock absorbers and allow for movement of the spinal column | intervertebral disks
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| protects internal organs and supports the lower extremities, also known as the pelvis or hips | pelvic girdle
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| the broad blade-shaped bone that forms the back and sides of the pubic bone | ilium
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| the slightly movable articulation between the sacrum and posterior portion of the ilium | sacroiliac
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| means sacrum | sacr/o
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| means ilium | ili
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| forms the lower posterior portion of the pubic bone, bears the weight of the body when sitting | ischium
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| forms the anterior portion of the pubic bone, located just below the urinary bladder | pubis
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| the ilEum, ischium, and pubis are separate at birth; however, they fuse to form the left and right _____ bones. These bones are held securely together by the pubic symphysis | pubic bones
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| the large circular cavity in each side of the pelvis that articulates with the head of the femur to form the hip joint, also known as the hip socket | acetabulum
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| the upper leg bone, also know as the thigh bone, the largest bone in the body | femur
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| the complex joints that make possible movement between the upper and lower leg | knees
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| the body anterior portion of the knee, also known as the kneecap | patella
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| means referring to the posterior space behind the knee where the ligaments, vessels, and muscles related to this joint are located | popliteal
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| make possible the movements of the knee; known as the anterior and posterior _____ ______ because they are shaped like a cross | cruciate ligaments
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| the lower leg is made of 2 bones... what are they? | tibia and fibula
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| the larger weight-bearing bone in the anterior of the lower leg, also known as the shinbone | tibia
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| the smaller of the two bones of the lower leg | fibula
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| the rounded bony protuberance on each side of the ankle | malleolus
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| form the joint between the lower leg and the foot, are each made up of seven short tarsal bones | ankles
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| these bones are similar to the bones of the wrist, but are larger in size | tarsals
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| the anklebone that articulated with the tibia and fibula | talus
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| the largest of the tarsal bones, also known as the heel bone | calcaneus
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| form that part of the foot to which the toes are attached | metatarsals
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| holds a Doctor of Chiropractic degree and specializes in the manipulative treatment of disorders origination form misalignment of the spine | chiropractor
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| a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders involving the bones, joints, and muscles | orthopedic surgeon, also known as an orthopedist
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| holds a Doctor of Osteopathy (DO) degree and uses traditional forms of medical treatment in addition to specializing in treating health problems by spinal manipulation | osteopath
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| oste/o | means bone
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| -path | means disease
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| holds a Doctor of Podiatry (DP) of Doctor of Podiatric Medicine (DPM) degree and specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the foot | podiatrist
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| pod | means foot
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| -iatrist | means specialist
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| the loss, or absence, of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury, or a surgical procedure | ankylosis
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| means crooked, bent, or stiff | ankyl
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| stiffness of the joints, especially in the elderly | arthrosclerosis
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| an inflammation of a bursa | bursitis
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| the abnormal softening of cartilage | chondromalacia
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| a slow-growing benign tumor derived from cartilage cells | chondroma
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| an inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum | costochondritis
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| means rib | cost/o
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| means cartilage | chondr
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| an abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe, also known as a bunion | hallux valgus
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| blood within a joint; this condition is frequently due to a joint injury; it also can occur spontaneously in patients taking blood-thinning medications or having a blood clotting disorder such as hemophilia | hemarthrosis
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| inflammation of the synovial membrane that results in swelling and pain of the affected joint; this condition can be caused by arthritis, trauma, infection, or irritation produced by damaged cartilage | synovitis
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| means synovial membrane | synov
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| the total displacement of a bone from its joint, also known as luxation | dislocation
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| the partial displacement of a bone from its joint | subluxation
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| an inflammatory condition of one or more joints; there are many different forms and causes of this | arthritis
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| most commonly associated with aging, also known as wear-and-tear arthritis | osteoarthritis
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| degenerative disorder that can cause the loss of normal spinal structure and function, also known as spinal osteoarthritis | spondylosis
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| spondyl/o means what? | vertebrae
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| a type of arthritis characterized by deposits or uric acid in the joints, also known as gout | gouty arthritis
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| is a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked, commonly known by its abbreviation RA | Rheumatoid arthritis
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| a form of rheumatoid arthritis that primarily causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae | ankylosing spondylitis
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| an autoimmune disorder that affects children aged 16 years or less with symptoms that include stiffness, pain, joint swelling, skin rash, fever, slowed growth, and fatigue | juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
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| the breaking apart of an intervertebral disk that results in pressure on spinal nerve roots, also known as a slipped or ruptured disk | herniated disk
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| pain of the lumbar region of the spine, also known as low back pain | lumbago
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| means diseased condition | -ago
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| the forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra or sacrum below it | spondylolisthesis
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| -listhesis means what? | slipping
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| a congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy when the spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it | spina bifida
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| means split | bifida
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| an abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine as viewed from the side; also known as humpback or dowager's hump | kyphosis
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| means hump | kyph
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| an abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine; also known as swayback | lordosis
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| means bent backward | lord
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| an abnormal lateral (sideways) curvature of the spine | scoliosis
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| means curved | scoli
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| a malformation of the skull due to the premature closure of the cranial sutures | craniostenosis
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| crani/o means what? | skull
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| a bone disorder of unknown cause that destroys normal bone structure and replaces it with fibrosis (scar-like) tissue; this leads to uneven growth, brittleness, and deformity of the affected bones | fibrous dysplasia
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| means pain in a bone, also known as osteodynia | ostealgia
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| an inflammation of bone | osteitis, also spelled ostitis
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| abnormal softening of bones in adults, also known as adult rickets; this condition is usually caused by a deficiency of vitamin D, calcium, and/or phosphate | osteomalacia
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| an inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent bone; the bacterial infection that causes this often originates in another part of the body and spreads to the bone via the blood | osteomyelitis
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| the death of bone tissue due to a lack of insufficient blood supply | osteonecrosis
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| a bone disease of unknown cause; this condition is characterized by the excessive breakdown of bone tissue, followed by abnormal bone formation. The new bone is structurally enlarged, but weakened and filled with new blood vessels. | Paget's disease, also known as osteitis deformans
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| an inflammation of the periosteum; this condition is often associated with shin splints | periostitis
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| means surrounding | peri-
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| a deficiency disease occurring in children; this condition, which is characterized by defective bone growth, results from a vitamin D deficiency that is sometimes due to insufficient exposure to sunlight, also known as infantile osteomalacia | rickets
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| condition resulting from the failure of the bones of the limbs to grow to an appropriate length; the average adult height is no more than 4'10" and these individuals are appropriately referred to as "little people." | short stature, formerly known as dwarfism
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| describes any congenital deformity of the foot involving the talus (ankle bones), also known as clubfoot | talipes
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| relatively rare malignant tumor that originates in a bone | primary bone cancer
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| means becoming progressively worse and life-threatening | malignant
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| describes tumors that have metastasized (spread) to bones from other organs such as the breasts and lungs | secondary bone cancer
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| a type of cancer that occurs in blood-making cells found in the red bone marrow; this condition can cause pathologic fractures and is often fatal | myeloma
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| is a benign bony projection covered with cartilage | osteochondroma
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| means something that is not life-threatening and does not recur | benign
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| a marked loss of bone density and an increase in bone porosity that is frequently associated with aging | osteoporosis
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| means small opening | por
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| thinner than average bone density in a young person; this term is used to describe the condition of someone who does not yet have osteoporosis, but is at risk for developing it | osteopenia
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| means deficiency | -penia
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| __________ is primarily responsible for three types of fractures: compression fracture, Colles' fracture, and an osteoporotic hip fracture | osteoporosis
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| occurs when the bone is pressed together (compressed) on itself; these fractures are sometimes caused by the spontaneous collapse of weakened vertebrae or can be due to an injury; also known as a vertebral crush fracture | compression fracture
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| this fracture occurs at the lower end of the radius when a person tries to stop a fall by landing on his or her hands; the impact of this fall causes the bone weakened by osteoporosis to break; named for the Irish surgeon Abraham Colles | Colles' fracture, also known as a fractured wrist
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| usually caused by weakening of the bones due to osteoporosis and can occur either spontaneously or as the result of a fall; complications from these fractures can result in the loss of function, mobility, independence, or death; also known as a broken hip | osteoporotic hip fracture
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| described in terms of its complexity, a broken bone | fracture
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| one in which the bone is broken, but there is no open wound in the skin; also known as a simple fracture or a complete fracture | closed fracture
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| one in which the bone is broken and there is an open wound in the skin; also known as a compound fracture | open fracture
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| one in which the bone is splintered or crushed | comminuted fracture
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| means crushed into small pieces | comminuted
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| one in which the bone is bent and only partially broken; this type of fracture occurs primarily in children | greenstick fracture or incomplete fracture
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| occurs at an angle across the bone | oblique fracture
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| occurs when a weakened bone breaks under normal strain; this is due to bones being weakened by osteoporosis or to a disease process such as cancer | pathologic fracture
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| a fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart; this type of fracture occurs as the result of a severe twisting motion such as in a sports injury | spiral fracture
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| an overuse injury, is a small crack in the bone that often develops from chronic, excessive impact | stress fracture
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| occurs straight across the bone | transverse fracture
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| can form when a long bone is fractured and fat cells from yellow bone marrow are released into the blood | fat embolus
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| any foreign matter circulating in the blood that can become lodged and block the blood vessel | embolus
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| the grating sound heard when the ends of a broken bone move together; this term also describes sound heard in lungs affected with pneumonia and the clicking sound heard in the movements of some joints | crepitation, also known as crepitus
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| as the bone heals, a _______ forms as a bulging deposit around the area of the break; this tissue eventually becomes bone | callus
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| a _______ is also a thickening of the skin caused by repeated rubbing | callus
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| the use of x-radiation to visualize bone fractures and other abnormalities, also known as an x-ray | radiograph
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| the visual examination of the internal structure of a joint | arthroscopy
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| a diagnostic test that may be necessary after abnormal types or numbers of red or white blood cells are found in a complete blood count test | bone marrow biopsy
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| the use of a syringe to withdraw the liquid bone marrow; this procedure is used to obtain tissue for diagnostic purposes or to collect bone marrow for medical procedures such as stem cell transplantation | bone marrow aspiration
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| is used to image soft tissue structures such as the interior of complex joints; it is not the most effective method of imaging hard tissues such as bone | Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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| used to determine losses or changes in bone density; these tests are used to diagnose conditions such as osteoporosis, osteomalacia, osteopenia, and Paget's disease | bone density testing
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| a low-exposure radiographic measurement of the spine and hips to measure bone density; this test produces more accurate results than ultrasonic bone density testing | dual x-ray absorptiometry
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| used to treat certain types of cancers, such as leukemia and lymphomas, that affect bone marrow | bone marrow transplant (BMT)
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| uses healthy bone marrow cells from a compatible donor, often a sibling; however, unless this is a perfect match, there is the danger that the recipient's body will reject the transplant | allogenic bone marrow transplant
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| means originating within another | allogenic
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| the patient receives his own bone marrow cells which have been harvested, cleansed, treated, and then stored before remaining bone marrow is destroyed | autologous bone marrow transplant
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| means originating within an individual | autologous
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| a mechanical appliance, such as a leg brace or splint, that is specially designed to control, correct, or compensate for impaired limb function | orthotic
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| a substitute for a diseased or missing body part, such as a leg that has been amputated | prosthesis (plural, prostheses)
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| the surgical fusion (joining together) of two bones to stiffen a joint, such as an ankle, elbow, or shoulder; this procedure is performed to treat severe arthritis or a damaged joint; also known as surgical ankylosis | arthrodesis
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| -desis means what? | surgical fixation of bone or joint
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| the surgical loosening of an ankylosed joint | arthrolysis
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| means loosening or setting free | -lysis
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| a minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of the interior of a joint; for example, torn cartilage can be removed with the use of an arthroscope and instruments inserted through small incisions | arthroscopic surgery
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| the surgical removal of a bursa | bursectomy
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| the surgical repair of damaged cartilage | chondroplasty
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| the surgical removal of a synovial membrane from a joint; one use of this procedure, which can be performed endoscopically, is to repair joint damage caused by rheumatoid arthritis | synovectomy
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| the surgical repair of a damaged joint; however, this term has come to mean the surgical placement of an artificial joint; these procedures are named for the involved joint an the amount of the joint that is replaced | arthroplasty
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| means that all of the parts of the knee were replaced | total knee replacement (TKR), also known as a total knee arthroplasty
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| describes a procedure in which only part of the knee is replaced | partial knee replacement (PKR)
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| performed to restore a damaged hip to full function; the head of the femur is removed in this surgery | total hip replacement (THR), also known as a total hip arthroplasty
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| an alternative to removing the head of the femur; function is restored to the hip by placing a metal cap over the head of the femur to allow it to move smoothly over a metal lining in the acetabulum | bone-conserving hip resurfacing
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| the replacement of a worn or failed implant | revision surgery
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| performed to treat a herniated intervertebral disk; in this procedure, a tin tube is inserted through the skin of the back to suction out the ruptured disk or to vaporize it with a laser | percutaneous diskectomy
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| means performed through the skin | percutaneous
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| performed to treat osteoporosis-related compression fractures; in this minimally invasive procedure, bone cement is injected to stabilize compression fractures within the spinal column | percutaneous vertebroplasty
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| means vertebra | vertebr/o
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| the surgical removal of a lamina, or posterior portion, of a vertebra | laminectomy
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| lamin means | lamina
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| a technique to immobilize part of the spine by joining together (fusing) two or more vertebrae | spinal fusion
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| the surgical removal of a portion of the skull; this procedure is performed to treat intracranial pressure due to swelling of the brain | craniectomy
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| describes the amount of pressure inside the skull | intracranial pressure
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| a surgical incision or opening into the skull; this procedure is performed to gain access to the brain to remove a tumor, to relieve intracranial pressure or to obtain access for other surgical procedures | craniotomy
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| -otomy | means surgical incision
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| the surgical repair of the skull | cranioplasty
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| surgical fracture of a bone to correct a deformity | osteoclasis
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| means to break | -clasis
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| the surgical removal of bone | ostectomy
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| the surgical repair of a bone or bones | osteoplasty
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| the surgical suturing, or wiring together, of bones | osteorrhaphy
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| a surgical incision or sectioning of a bone | osteotomy
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| an incision through the periosteum to the bone | periosteotomy
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| the attempted realignment of the bone involved in a fracture or joint dislocation; the affected bone is returned to its normal anatomic alignment by manually applied forces and then is usually immobilized to maintain the realigned position during healing | closed reduction, also known as manipulation
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| the act of holding, suturing, or fastening the bone is a fixed position with strapping or a cast | immobilization, also known as stabilization
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| a pulling force exerted on a limb in a distal direction in an effort to return the bone or joint to normal alignment | traction
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| a fracture treatment procedure in which pins are placed through the soft tissues and bone so that an external appliance can be used to hold the pieces of bone firmly in place during healing; when healing is complete, the appliance is removed | external fixation
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| a fracture treatment in which a plate or pins are placed directly into the bone to hold the broken pieces in place; this form of fixation in NOT usually removed after the fracture has healed | internal fixation, also known as open reduction internal fixation
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| forms the forehead | frontal bone
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| form most of the roof and upper sides of the cranium; two of them | parietal bones
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| forms the posterior floor and walls of the cranium | occipital bone
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| form the sides and base of the skull and parts of the floor and sides of the orbit; two of them | sphenoid bone
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| forms part of the posterior portion of the nose, the orbit, and the floor of the cranium | ethmoid bone
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| located in the temporal bone on each side of the skull, is the opening of the external auditory canal of the outer ear | external auditory meatus
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| the external opening of the canal | meatus
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| form the upper part of the bridge of the nose | nasal bones; two of them
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| articulate with the frontal bone (forehead), also known as the cheekbones; two of them | zygomatic bones
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| form most of the upper jaw, also known as the maxillae (singular, maxilla); two of them | maxillary bones
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| form part of the hard palate of the mouth and the floor of the nose; two of them | palatine bones
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| make up part of the orbit at the inner angle of the eye; two of them | lacrimal bones
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| thin, scroll-like bones that form part of the interior of the nose; two of them | inferior conchae
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| forms the base for the nasal septum | vomer bone
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| the only movable bone of the skull, also known as the jawbone | mandible
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| the bony structure that forms the upper portion of the sternum | manubrium
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| the bony structure that forms the middle portion of the sternum | body of the sternum
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| the structure made of cartilage that forms the lower portion of the sternum | xiphoid process
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|
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