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Med. Term. Ch3

Medical Terminology for Health Professions

Question	Answer
consists of the bones, bone marrow, cartilage, joints, ligaments, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, and bursa	skeletal system
the form of connective tissue that is the second hardest tissue in the human body	bone
what is harder than bone?	dental enamel
the tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone	periosteum
means surrounding	peri-
means bone	oste/o
the dense, hard, and very strong bone that forms the protective outer layer of bones	compact bone
lighter, and not as strong, as compact bone; this type of bone is commonly found in the ends and inner portions of long bones such as the femur.	spongy bone
what type of bone marrow is located within spongy bone?	RED bone marrow
located in the shaft of a long bone and is surrounded by compact bone	medullary cavity
means pertaining to the inner section	medullary
located within the spongy bone, is hemopoietic tissue that manufactures red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, and thrombocytes	RED bone marrow
means pertaining to the formation of blood cells	hemopoietic
means blood	hem/o
means pertaining to formation	-poietic
functions as a fat storage area, is composed chiefly of fat cells and is located in the medullary cavity	YELLOW bone marrow
the smooth, rubbery, blue-white connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones	cartilage
true or false: cartilage is more elastic than bone	TRUE
what also makes up the flexible parts of the skeleton such as the outer ear and the tip of the nose?	cartilage
covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints	articular cartilage
this type of cartilage makes smooth joint movement possible and protects the bones from rubbing against each other	articular cartilage
the curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints, such as the knee and the temporomandibular joint of the jaw	meniscus
the shaft of a long bone	diaphysis
covered with articular cartilage, is the wide end of a long bone	epiphysis
covered with articular cartilage, is the wide end of a long bone; the _______ epiphysis is the end of the bone located nearest to the midline of the body	proximal
covered with articular cartilage, is the wide end of a long bone; the _______ epiphysis is the end of the bone located farthest away from the midline	distal epiphysis
an opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass	foramen; plural, foramina
a normal projection on the surface of a bone that serves as an attachment for muscles and tendons	process
the place of union between two or more bones, also known as articulations	joints
what are classified according to either their construction or based on the degree of movement they allow	joints
consisting of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, hold the bones tightly together	fibrous joints
fibrous joints, consisting of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, hold the bones tightly together; in ADULTS these joints are known as what? and do not allow any movement.	sutures
normally present on the skull of a newborn, also known as the soft spots	fontanelles
allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage	cartilaginous joints
what is this an example of? where the ribs connect to the sternum	cartilaginous joints
the cartilaginous joint known that allows some movement to facilitate childbirth	pubic symphysis
created where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions; these joints are also described based on their type of motion	synovial joint
allow a wide range of movement in many directions, such as the hips and shoulders	ball and socket joints
synovial joints that allow movement primarily in one direction or plane, such as the knees and elbows	hinge joints
consist of several components that make complex movements possible	synovial joints
the outermost layer of strong fibrous tissue that resembles a sleeve as it surrounds the joint	synovial capsule
lines the capsule and secretes synovial fluid	synovial membrane
flows within the synovial cavity, acts as a lubricant to make the smooth movement of the joint possible	synovial fluid
bands of fibrous tissue that form joints by connecting one bone to another bone, or joining bone to cartilage; (bone to bone)	ligaments
a fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas that are subject to friction	bursa
protects the major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems	axial skeleton
makes body movement possible and also protects the organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction	appendicular skeleton
anything that is attached to a major part of the body	appendage
consists of the eight bones that form the cranium, 14 bones that form the face, and six bones in the middle ear	skull
made up of the following eight bones, is the portion of the skull that encloses the brain	cranium
means skull	cranium
the six tiny bones of the middle ear	auditory ossicles
the bony structure that protects the heart and lungs, also known as the rib cage; consists of the ribs, sternum, and upper portion of the spinal column extending from the neck to the diaphragm, not including the arms	thoracic cavity
attach posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae, also known as costals	ribs
the first seven pairs of ribs; attached anteriorly to the sternum	true ribs
the next three pairs of ribs; attached anteriorly to cartilage that joints with the sternum	false ribs
the last two pairs of ribs; only attached posteriorly	floating ribs
forms the middle of the front of the rib cage and is divided into three parts, also known as the breastbone	sternum
supports the arms and hands; this is also known as the shoulder girdle	pectoral girdle
means a structure that encircles the body	girdle
a slender bone that connects the manubrium of the sternum to the scapula, also known as the collar bone	clavicle
also known as the shoulder blade	scapula
an extension of the scapula that forms the high point of teh shoulder	acromion
the bone of the upper arm	humerus
the smaller and shorter bone in the forearm; the _____ runs up the THUMB side of the forearm	radius
the larger and longer bone of the forearm; the _____ runs up the PINKY side of the forearm	ulna
a large projection on the upper end of the ulna; this forms the point of the elbow and exposes a nerve that tingles when struck, commonly known as the funny bone	olecranon process
the bones that form the wrist	carpals
the five bones that form the palms of the hand	metacarpals
the 14 bones of the fingers; the toes are also called this	phalanges
supports the head and body, and protects the spinal cord, also known as the vertebral column; this structure consists of 26 vertebrae	spinal column
the bony structure units of the spinal column	vertebrae
the solid anterior portion of the vertebrae	body of the vertebra
the posterior portion of a vertebra; the transverse and spinous processes extend from this area	lamina
the opening in the middle of the vertebra; the spinal cord passes through this opening	vertebral foramen
the first set of seven vertebrae that form the neck; they are also known as C1 through C7	cervical vertebrae
means pertaining to the neck	cervical
make up the second set of 12 vertebrae; they form the outward curve of the spine and are known as T1 through T12	thoracic vertebrae
means pertaining to the thoracic cavity	thoracic
make up the third set of five vertebrae and form the inward curve of the lower spine; they are known as L1 through L5; these are the largest and the strongest of teh vertebrae and bear most of the body's weight	lumbar vertebrae
means relating to the part of the back and sides between teh ribs and the pelvis	lumbar
slightly curved, triangular-shaped bone near the base of the spine that forms the lower portion of the back	sacrum
forms the end of the spine and is actually made up of four small vertebrae that are fused together, also known as the tailbone	coccyx
made of cartilage, separate and cushion the vertebrae from each other; these disks act as shock absorbers and allow for movement of the spinal column	intervertebral disks
protects internal organs and supports the lower extremities, also known as the pelvis or hips	pelvic girdle
the broad blade-shaped bone that forms the back and sides of the pubic bone	ilium
the slightly movable articulation between the sacrum and posterior portion of the ilium	sacroiliac
means sacrum	sacr/o
means ilium	ili
forms the lower posterior portion of the pubic bone, bears the weight of the body when sitting	ischium
forms the anterior portion of the pubic bone, located just below the urinary bladder	pubis
the ilEum, ischium, and pubis are separate at birth; however, they fuse to form the left and right _____ bones. These bones are held securely together by the pubic symphysis	pubic bones
the large circular cavity in each side of the pelvis that articulates with the head of the femur to form the hip joint, also known as the hip socket	acetabulum
the upper leg bone, also know as the thigh bone, the largest bone in the body	femur
the complex joints that make possible movement between the upper and lower leg	knees
the body anterior portion of the knee, also known as the kneecap	patella
means referring to the posterior space behind the knee where the ligaments, vessels, and muscles related to this joint are located	popliteal
make possible the movements of the knee; known as the anterior and posterior _____ ______ because they are shaped like a cross	cruciate ligaments
the lower leg is made of 2 bones... what are they?	tibia and fibula
the larger weight-bearing bone in the anterior of the lower leg, also known as the shinbone	tibia
the smaller of the two bones of the lower leg	fibula
the rounded bony protuberance on each side of the ankle	malleolus
form the joint between the lower leg and the foot, are each made up of seven short tarsal bones	ankles
these bones are similar to the bones of the wrist, but are larger in size	tarsals
the anklebone that articulated with the tibia and fibula	talus
the largest of the tarsal bones, also known as the heel bone	calcaneus
form that part of the foot to which the toes are attached	metatarsals
holds a Doctor of Chiropractic degree and specializes in the manipulative treatment of disorders origination form misalignment of the spine	chiropractor
a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders involving the bones, joints, and muscles	orthopedic surgeon, also known as an orthopedist
holds a Doctor of Osteopathy (DO) degree and uses traditional forms of medical treatment in addition to specializing in treating health problems by spinal manipulation	osteopath
oste/o	means bone
-path	means disease
holds a Doctor of Podiatry (DP) of Doctor of Podiatric Medicine (DPM) degree and specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the foot	podiatrist
pod	means foot
-iatrist	means specialist
the loss, or absence, of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury, or a surgical procedure	ankylosis
means crooked, bent, or stiff	ankyl
stiffness of the joints, especially in the elderly	arthrosclerosis
an inflammation of a bursa	bursitis
the abnormal softening of cartilage	chondromalacia
a slow-growing benign tumor derived from cartilage cells	chondroma
an inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum	costochondritis
means rib	cost/o
means cartilage	chondr
an abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe, also known as a bunion	hallux valgus
blood within a joint; this condition is frequently due to a joint injury; it also can occur spontaneously in patients taking blood-thinning medications or having a blood clotting disorder such as hemophilia	hemarthrosis
inflammation of the synovial membrane that results in swelling and pain of the affected joint; this condition can be caused by arthritis, trauma, infection, or irritation produced by damaged cartilage	synovitis
means synovial membrane	synov
the total displacement of a bone from its joint, also known as luxation	dislocation
the partial displacement of a bone from its joint	subluxation
an inflammatory condition of one or more joints; there are many different forms and causes of this	arthritis
most commonly associated with aging, also known as wear-and-tear arthritis	osteoarthritis
degenerative disorder that can cause the loss of normal spinal structure and function, also known as spinal osteoarthritis	spondylosis
spondyl/o means what?	vertebrae
a type of arthritis characterized by deposits or uric acid in the joints, also known as gout	gouty arthritis
is a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked, commonly known by its abbreviation RA	Rheumatoid arthritis
a form of rheumatoid arthritis that primarily causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae	ankylosing spondylitis
an autoimmune disorder that affects children aged 16 years or less with symptoms that include stiffness, pain, joint swelling, skin rash, fever, slowed growth, and fatigue	juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
the breaking apart of an intervertebral disk that results in pressure on spinal nerve roots, also known as a slipped or ruptured disk	herniated disk
pain of the lumbar region of the spine, also known as low back pain	lumbago
means diseased condition	-ago
the forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra or sacrum below it	spondylolisthesis
-listhesis means what?	slipping
a congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy when the spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it	spina bifida
means split	bifida
an abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine as viewed from the side; also known as humpback or dowager's hump	kyphosis
means hump	kyph
an abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine; also known as swayback	lordosis
means bent backward	lord
an abnormal lateral (sideways) curvature of the spine	scoliosis
means curved	scoli
a malformation of the skull due to the premature closure of the cranial sutures	craniostenosis
crani/o means what?	skull
a bone disorder of unknown cause that destroys normal bone structure and replaces it with fibrosis (scar-like) tissue; this leads to uneven growth, brittleness, and deformity of the affected bones	fibrous dysplasia
means pain in a bone, also known as osteodynia	ostealgia
an inflammation of bone	osteitis, also spelled ostitis
abnormal softening of bones in adults, also known as adult rickets; this condition is usually caused by a deficiency of vitamin D, calcium, and/or phosphate	osteomalacia
an inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent bone; the bacterial infection that causes this often originates in another part of the body and spreads to the bone via the blood	osteomyelitis
the death of bone tissue due to a lack of insufficient blood supply	osteonecrosis
a bone disease of unknown cause; this condition is characterized by the excessive breakdown of bone tissue, followed by abnormal bone formation. The new bone is structurally enlarged, but weakened and filled with new blood vessels.	Paget's disease, also known as osteitis deformans
an inflammation of the periosteum; this condition is often associated with shin splints	periostitis
means surrounding	peri-
a deficiency disease occurring in children; this condition, which is characterized by defective bone growth, results from a vitamin D deficiency that is sometimes due to insufficient exposure to sunlight, also known as infantile osteomalacia	rickets
condition resulting from the failure of the bones of the limbs to grow to an appropriate length; the average adult height is no more than 4'10" and these individuals are appropriately referred to as "little people."	short stature, formerly known as dwarfism
describes any congenital deformity of the foot involving the talus (ankle bones), also known as clubfoot	talipes
relatively rare malignant tumor that originates in a bone	primary bone cancer
means becoming progressively worse and life-threatening	malignant
describes tumors that have metastasized (spread) to bones from other organs such as the breasts and lungs	secondary bone cancer
a type of cancer that occurs in blood-making cells found in the red bone marrow; this condition can cause pathologic fractures and is often fatal	myeloma
is a benign bony projection covered with cartilage	osteochondroma
means something that is not life-threatening and does not recur	benign
a marked loss of bone density and an increase in bone porosity that is frequently associated with aging	osteoporosis
means small opening	por
thinner than average bone density in a young person; this term is used to describe the condition of someone who does not yet have osteoporosis, but is at risk for developing it	osteopenia
means deficiency	-penia
__________ is primarily responsible for three types of fractures: compression fracture, Colles' fracture, and an osteoporotic hip fracture	osteoporosis
occurs when the bone is pressed together (compressed) on itself; these fractures are sometimes caused by the spontaneous collapse of weakened vertebrae or can be due to an injury; also known as a vertebral crush fracture	compression fracture
this fracture occurs at the lower end of the radius when a person tries to stop a fall by landing on his or her hands; the impact of this fall causes the bone weakened by osteoporosis to break; named for the Irish surgeon Abraham Colles	Colles' fracture, also known as a fractured wrist
usually caused by weakening of the bones due to osteoporosis and can occur either spontaneously or as the result of a fall; complications from these fractures can result in the loss of function, mobility, independence, or death; also known as a broken hip	osteoporotic hip fracture
described in terms of its complexity, a broken bone	fracture
one in which the bone is broken, but there is no open wound in the skin; also known as a simple fracture or a complete fracture	closed fracture
one in which the bone is broken and there is an open wound in the skin; also known as a compound fracture	open fracture
one in which the bone is splintered or crushed	comminuted fracture
means crushed into small pieces	comminuted
one in which the bone is bent and only partially broken; this type of fracture occurs primarily in children	greenstick fracture or incomplete fracture
occurs at an angle across the bone	oblique fracture
occurs when a weakened bone breaks under normal strain; this is due to bones being weakened by osteoporosis or to a disease process such as cancer	pathologic fracture
a fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart; this type of fracture occurs as the result of a severe twisting motion such as in a sports injury	spiral fracture
an overuse injury, is a small crack in the bone that often develops from chronic, excessive impact	stress fracture
occurs straight across the bone	transverse fracture
can form when a long bone is fractured and fat cells from yellow bone marrow are released into the blood	fat embolus
any foreign matter circulating in the blood that can become lodged and block the blood vessel	embolus
the grating sound heard when the ends of a broken bone move together; this term also describes sound heard in lungs affected with pneumonia and the clicking sound heard in the movements of some joints	crepitation, also known as crepitus
as the bone heals, a _______ forms as a bulging deposit around the area of the break; this tissue eventually becomes bone	callus
a _______ is also a thickening of the skin caused by repeated rubbing	callus
the use of x-radiation to visualize bone fractures and other abnormalities, also known as an x-ray	radiograph
the visual examination of the internal structure of a joint	arthroscopy
a diagnostic test that may be necessary after abnormal types or numbers of red or white blood cells are found in a complete blood count test	bone marrow biopsy
the use of a syringe to withdraw the liquid bone marrow; this procedure is used to obtain tissue for diagnostic purposes or to collect bone marrow for medical procedures such as stem cell transplantation	bone marrow aspiration
is used to image soft tissue structures such as the interior of complex joints; it is not the most effective method of imaging hard tissues such as bone	Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
used to determine losses or changes in bone density; these tests are used to diagnose conditions such as osteoporosis, osteomalacia, osteopenia, and Paget's disease	bone density testing
a low-exposure radiographic measurement of the spine and hips to measure bone density; this test produces more accurate results than ultrasonic bone density testing	dual x-ray absorptiometry
used to treat certain types of cancers, such as leukemia and lymphomas, that affect bone marrow	bone marrow transplant (BMT)
uses healthy bone marrow cells from a compatible donor, often a sibling; however, unless this is a perfect match, there is the danger that the recipient's body will reject the transplant	allogenic bone marrow transplant
means originating within another	allogenic
the patient receives his own bone marrow cells which have been harvested, cleansed, treated, and then stored before remaining bone marrow is destroyed	autologous bone marrow transplant
means originating within an individual	autologous
a mechanical appliance, such as a leg brace or splint, that is specially designed to control, correct, or compensate for impaired limb function	orthotic
a substitute for a diseased or missing body part, such as a leg that has been amputated	prosthesis (plural, prostheses)
the surgical fusion (joining together) of two bones to stiffen a joint, such as an ankle, elbow, or shoulder; this procedure is performed to treat severe arthritis or a damaged joint; also known as surgical ankylosis	arthrodesis
-desis means what?	surgical fixation of bone or joint
the surgical loosening of an ankylosed joint	arthrolysis
means loosening or setting free	-lysis
a minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of the interior of a joint; for example, torn cartilage can be removed with the use of an arthroscope and instruments inserted through small incisions	arthroscopic surgery
the surgical removal of a bursa	bursectomy
the surgical repair of damaged cartilage	chondroplasty
the surgical removal of a synovial membrane from a joint; one use of this procedure, which can be performed endoscopically, is to repair joint damage caused by rheumatoid arthritis	synovectomy
the surgical repair of a damaged joint; however, this term has come to mean the surgical placement of an artificial joint; these procedures are named for the involved joint an the amount of the joint that is replaced	arthroplasty
means that all of the parts of the knee were replaced	total knee replacement (TKR), also known as a total knee arthroplasty
describes a procedure in which only part of the knee is replaced	partial knee replacement (PKR)
performed to restore a damaged hip to full function; the head of the femur is removed in this surgery	total hip replacement (THR), also known as a total hip arthroplasty
an alternative to removing the head of the femur; function is restored to the hip by placing a metal cap over the head of the femur to allow it to move smoothly over a metal lining in the acetabulum	bone-conserving hip resurfacing
the replacement of a worn or failed implant	revision surgery
performed to treat a herniated intervertebral disk; in this procedure, a tin tube is inserted through the skin of the back to suction out the ruptured disk or to vaporize it with a laser	percutaneous diskectomy
means performed through the skin	percutaneous
performed to treat osteoporosis-related compression fractures; in this minimally invasive procedure, bone cement is injected to stabilize compression fractures within the spinal column	percutaneous vertebroplasty
means vertebra	vertebr/o
the surgical removal of a lamina, or posterior portion, of a vertebra	laminectomy
lamin means	lamina
a technique to immobilize part of the spine by joining together (fusing) two or more vertebrae	spinal fusion
the surgical removal of a portion of the skull; this procedure is performed to treat intracranial pressure due to swelling of the brain	craniectomy
describes the amount of pressure inside the skull	intracranial pressure
a surgical incision or opening into the skull; this procedure is performed to gain access to the brain to remove a tumor, to relieve intracranial pressure or to obtain access for other surgical procedures	craniotomy
-otomy	means surgical incision
the surgical repair of the skull	cranioplasty
surgical fracture of a bone to correct a deformity	osteoclasis
means to break	-clasis
the surgical removal of bone	ostectomy
the surgical repair of a bone or bones	osteoplasty
the surgical suturing, or wiring together, of bones	osteorrhaphy
a surgical incision or sectioning of a bone	osteotomy
an incision through the periosteum to the bone	periosteotomy
the attempted realignment of the bone involved in a fracture or joint dislocation; the affected bone is returned to its normal anatomic alignment by manually applied forces and then is usually immobilized to maintain the realigned position during healing	closed reduction, also known as manipulation
the act of holding, suturing, or fastening the bone is a fixed position with strapping or a cast	immobilization, also known as stabilization
a pulling force exerted on a limb in a distal direction in an effort to return the bone or joint to normal alignment	traction
a fracture treatment procedure in which pins are placed through the soft tissues and bone so that an external appliance can be used to hold the pieces of bone firmly in place during healing; when healing is complete, the appliance is removed	external fixation
a fracture treatment in which a plate or pins are placed directly into the bone to hold the broken pieces in place; this form of fixation in NOT usually removed after the fracture has healed	internal fixation, also known as open reduction internal fixation
forms the forehead	frontal bone
form most of the roof and upper sides of the cranium; two of them	parietal bones
forms the posterior floor and walls of the cranium	occipital bone
form the sides and base of the skull and parts of the floor and sides of the orbit; two of them	sphenoid bone
forms part of the posterior portion of the nose, the orbit, and the floor of the cranium	ethmoid bone
located in the temporal bone on each side of the skull, is the opening of the external auditory canal of the outer ear	external auditory meatus
the external opening of the canal	meatus
form the upper part of the bridge of the nose	nasal bones; two of them
articulate with the frontal bone (forehead), also known as the cheekbones; two of them	zygomatic bones
form most of the upper jaw, also known as the maxillae (singular, maxilla); two of them	maxillary bones
form part of the hard palate of the mouth and the floor of the nose; two of them	palatine bones
make up part of the orbit at the inner angle of the eye; two of them	lacrimal bones
thin, scroll-like bones that form part of the interior of the nose; two of them	inferior conchae
forms the base for the nasal septum	vomer bone
the only movable bone of the skull, also known as the jawbone	mandible
the bony structure that forms the upper portion of the sternum	manubrium
the bony structure that forms the middle portion of the sternum	body of the sternum
the structure made of cartilage that forms the lower portion of the sternum	xiphoid process

Created by: heartashley

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