Nutrition-ATI 39
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| What is enteral nutrition? | nutrients given in the GI tract
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| What kind of clients get formula from nasogastric, jejunal, or gastric tubes? | enterally fed clients
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| How many types of enternal formula are there? | 4
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| What are the four types of enternal formula? | polymeric, modular formulas (added to other food), elemental formulas (predigested nutrients), specialty formulas (certain illness needs)
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| Tube feeding are usually started? | at full strength at slow rates
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| You should increase rate? | every 8 to 12 hours
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| Enternal feeding reduces? | sepsis, response to trauma, and maintains intestinal structure and function
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| What do enternal feeding provide? | fluid, electrolytes, and nutritional support
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| What is a serious complication with enteral feeding? | aspiration of formula into the tracheobronchial tree
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| What does aspiration do? | irritates the bronchial mucosa, resulting in decreased blood dupply that leads to nectrotizing infection, pnemonia, and abcess
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| What does high glucose cause? | bacterial medium for growth, promoting infection
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| What is also associated with pulmonary aspiration? | ARDS
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| What are common conditions that increase aspiration? | coughing, nasotracheal suctioning, an artificial airway, decreased level of consciousness, and lying flat
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| What meds decrease the risk of aspiration? | prokinetic meds (metoclopramide, erythromycin, or cisapride
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| How much should you elevate the bed? | 30 degrees
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| Measure what every 4-6 hrs? | GRV
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| Stop feeding immediately when? | aspiration occurs
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| Withold feeding and reasses client tolerance if the GRV is? | over 200 ml
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| When do you use an enteral tube? | when a client cannot eat, but still absorbs the nutrients from food
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| Feeding tubes are inserted through? | the nose, surgically, or endoscopically
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| What are used for feeding of 4 weeks? | nasogastric or nasojejunal
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| What is used for long term feeding? | surgical or endoscopically
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| For adults, most tubes are? | 8-12 Fr, and 36 to 44 in long
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| What is often used during insertion? | a stylet
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| Don't use nasoenteric tubes when? | pt's had nose surgery, facial trauma, nosebleeds, and those given anticoagulation therapy
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| Advance a tube as? | the client swallows
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| If you hear air after you insert the tube the tube may be? | in the respiratory tract
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| What are early signs of aspiration? | abnormal lung sounds
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| What do you record? | size of tube, location, client's tolerance, ph value, and confiration of tube position by x ray exam
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| Plan pH testing when? | feeding is withheld
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| Before aspirating you should? | put in 30 ml of air into the tube
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| Fasted pH is? | 1-4
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| Fluid pH from nasointestinal tube is? | greater than 6
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| pt's with continuous feeding pH? | 5 or higher
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| What should you check the feeding container for? | expiration date and integrity
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| Have tube feeding at? | room temp
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| What causes skin breakdown? | infection, pressure from tube, or drainage of gastric secretions
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| What does absent bowl sounds mean? | inability for nutrients to be absorbed
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| Cold formula causes? | gastric cramping
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| Usually clients recieve enteral feeding continuously to ensure what? | proper absorption
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| Tube feeding are given with? | feeding pumps
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| Putting a cap on formula prevents? | air from entering stomach
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| Change bag and use a new administration every? | 24 hrs
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| Measure aspirate every? | 4-6 hrs
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| Measure glucose every? | 6 hrs
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| Measure I & O every? | 8 hrs
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| Weigh clients? | 3x a week
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| How do nurses verify tube placement? | injects air through the tube while auscultating the stomach for a gurgling or bubbling sound
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| The most reliable method to verify tube placement is? | x ray
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| How much gastric fluid is needed for testing? | 5-10 ml
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| The stopped using what to see if aspirate is in the lung? | blue food coloring
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| What is parenteral nutrition? | a form of specialized nutrition support in which nutrients are proveded IV
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| Who benefits from Parenteral nutrition? | people who are unable to digest or absob enteral nutrition
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| What have disuse of the GI tract been associated with? | villus atrophy and generalized cell shrinkage
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| What do lipid emulsions provide? | supplemental kcalories and prevent essential fatty acid defiencies
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| What is the adding of lipid emulsion to the PH solution called? | 3 in 1 admixture
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| do not use admixture if? | the is oil on the top
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| Lipid emulsions are? | white or opaque
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| What are complications of PN? | catheter related prob and metabolic alterations
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| Pnemunothorax is accompanied by? | symptoms of sudden sharp chest pain, dyspnea, and coughing
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| When does an air embolus occur? | during insterion of the catheter or when changing the tubing or cap
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| Catheter occlusion is present where there is? | a sluggis or no flow through the catheter
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| Suspect cathater sepsis if? | pt has fever, chills, glucose intolerance, and has a positive blood culture
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| Clean a port with? | alcohol
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| the PN solution contains most of what? | electrolytes, vitamins, and minerals
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| too rapid administration of hyertonic dextroce cancause? | osmotic diuresis and dehydration
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| pt's who move from PN to oral feedings? | have loss of appetite
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| When 75% of needs are being met by reliable dietary needs PN is? | discontinued
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| Optimal nutrition is important in? | health and illness
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| Medical Nutrition Thereapy is the use? | of specific nutritional therapies to treat an illness, injury or condition
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| MNT is necessary to assit the body's ability to? | metabolize certain nutrients, corrent nutritional deficiencies related to the disease, and elinimate foods that may exacerbate disease symptoms
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| How are peptic ulcers controlled? | with regular meals and meds
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| What bacteria causes peptic ulcers? | H. Pylori
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| To prevent peptic ulcers tell clients to avoid what kind of foods? | that increase stomach acidity and pain (caffeine, decaffeinated coffee, milk, juices, and seasonings)
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| Tell them not to do what to prevent peptic ulcers? | smoking, alcohol, aspirin, and NSAIDS
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| Nutrition therapy is usually the major treatment for? | disease control
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| All nutrition related objectives include? | baseline data, from which progress is measured
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| What is the basal metabolic rate? | the energy needed to maintain life sustaining activities for a specific period of time at rest
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| What affects energy requirements? | age, body mass, gender, fever, starvation, mestruation, illness, injury
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| What is the resting energy expenditure? | the amount of energy and individual needs to consume over a 24 period for the body to
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| Energy requirements are completely met by? | kilocalorie food
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| What are nutrients? | elements necessary for body processes and function
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| Foods are sometimes described according to their? | nutrient density
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| What are the main source of energy? | Carbs
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| Carbs also give what to the brain? | glucose
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| Carbs are classified according to their carb unit or? | saccharides
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| What has received attention as a dietary factor in disease prevention and treatment? | fiber
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| What are the insoluble fibers that cannot be digested? | cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin
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| What is made of DNA? | collagen, hormones, enzymes, immune cells, DNA and RNA
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| What is simplest form of protein? | amino acid
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| Nutrients provide? | energy for cellular metabolism and for repain, organ function, growth, and physical activity
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| Carbs provide? | energy and fiber
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| How many kcal is in 1 carb? | 4
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| Fats are used? | for energy and provide vitamins
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| How many kcal in 1 fat? | 9
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| What are sources of carbs? | grain bread, potatoes, and brown rice
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| Proteins contribute to? | the growth and repair of body tissues
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| How many kcal are in 1 protein? | 4
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| Vitamins must be consumed daily for? | growth and repair of body tissues
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| What are fat solluble Vitamins? | A D E K
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| What are water soluble vitamins? | Vit B and C
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| Minerals complete essential? | biochemical reaction in the body system
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| Infants have? | high energy requirements
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| Toddlers need increased? | protein, Ca and phosphorus for bone growth
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| School aged children need adequate? | protein Vit C and A
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| Adolescents need? | protein, Ca, iron, iodine, folic acid and vit B
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| Women need? | Ca and iron
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| What is anorexia nervosa? | Fear of being fat
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| What is bulimia? | a cycle of binge eating followed by purging
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| BMI >30= | obese
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| How do you calculate BMI? | weight divided by height
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| What is a clear liquid diet? | liquids that leave little residue
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| What is full liquid diet? | liquid dairy product
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| What is pureed diet? | pureed meats, fruits, and scrambled eggs
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| What is mchanical soft diet? | diced or ground foods
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| What is soft/low residue diet? | foos low in fiber that are easy to digest
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| What is high fiber? | whole grain, raw and dried fruits
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| What is low cholesterol diet? | less than 300 mg/day
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| What is diabetic diet? | balanced intake of protein, fats, and carbohydrates
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| What is dysphagia? | pureed food and thickened liquids
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| What are types of nutrients given parenterally? | lipids, electrolytes,minerals, vitamins, dextrose, and amino acids
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| What are enzymes? | speed up chemical reactions
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| Digestion and absorption occur mainly in? | small intestine
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| Dietary change means you have? | redced fat, saturated fat, sodium, refind sugar and cholesterol
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| Tube feedings are for clients who? | are unable to ingest food but are able to digest and absorb food
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| Enteral nutrition? | protects intestinal structure and function and enhances immunity
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