Literary Techiniques
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Tone | author's attitude towards the subject
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Tragedy | broadly defined, a literary and particularly a dramatic presentation of serious actions in which the chief character has a disastrous fate.
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Comedy | A work intended to interest, involve, and amuse the reader or audience, in which no terrible disaster occurs and that ends happily for the main characters.
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Hubris | Excessive pride or self-confidence that leads a protagonist to disregard a divine warning or to violate an important moral law. In tragedies, hubris is a very common form of hamartia.
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Ironic Deeds |
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Unconsciously Ironic Speech |
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Dramatic Irony |
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Sophoclean Irony |
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Hamartia | "some error or frailty" that brings about misfortune for a tragic hero. The concep is closely related to that of the tragic flaw: both lead to downfall of the protagonist in a tragedy. Hamartia may be interpreted as an internal weakness in a character
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Anagnorisis | the recognition or discovery by the protagonist of the identity of some character or the nature of his own predicament, which leads to the resolution of the plot; denouement
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Recognition | The point at which a character understands his or her situation as it really is.
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Reversal | The point at which the action of the plot turns in an unexpected direction for the protagonist.
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Peripeteia | sudden and unexpected change of fortune or reverse of circumstances
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Catharsis | describes the release of the emotions of pity and fear by the audience at the end of a tragedy.
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Choragus | A sponsor or patron of a play in classical Greece. Often this sponsor was honored by serving as the leader of the chorus
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Chorus | (1) A group of singers who stand alongside or off stage from the principal performers in a dramatic or musical performance. (2) The song or refrain that this group of singers sings.
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Ode | usually a lyric poem of moderate length, with a serious subject, an elevated style, and an elaborate stanza pattern.
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Strophe | the strophe and the antistrophe were alternating stanzas sung aloud.
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Anti-Strophe | the strophe and the antistrophe were alternating stanzas sung aloud.
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Exposition | introduces the situation, characters, setting, conflict
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Rising Action | A series of events that builds from the conflict. It begins with the inciting force and ends with the climax
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Climax | The climax is the result of the crisis. It is the high point of the story for the reader.
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Falling Action | The events after the climax which close the story.
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Denouement | The resolution of the plot of a literary work.
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Catastrophe | The action at the end of a tragedy that initiates the denouement or falling action of a play.
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Conflict | A struggle between opposing forces in a story or play, usually resolved by the end of the work.
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Objective | Narrator is unnamed/unidentified (a detached observer). Does not assume character's perspective and is not a character in the story. The narrator reports on events and lets the reader supply the meaning.
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Obstacle | something that impedes progress or achievement.
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Complication | refers to the difficult circumstances that come about through the character's attempts to find solutions to his/her problem.
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In media res | The classical tradition of opening an epic not in the chronological point at which the sequence of events would start, but rather at the midway point of the story.
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Allegory | The term loosely describes any writing in verse or prose that has a double meaning.
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Diction | choice of words, phrases, sentence structures, and figurative language, which combine to help create meaning.
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Syntax | The ordering of words into meaningful verbal patterns such as phrases, clauses, and sentences. Poets often manipulate syntax, changing conventional word order, to place certain emphasis on particular words.
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Connotation | Associations and implications that go beyond the literal meaning of a word, which derive from how the word has been commonly used and the associations people make with it.
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Denotation | The dictionary meaning of a word. See also connotation.
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Imagery | A word, phrase, or figure of speech (especially a simile or a metaphor) that addresses the senses, suggesting mental pictures of sights, sounds, smells, tastes, feelings, or actions.
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Unreliable Narrator | An unreliable narrator is a storyteller who "misses the point" of the events or things he describes in a story, who plainly misinterprets the motives or actions of characters, or who fails to see the connections between events in the story.
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Stream of Consciousness | Writing in which a character's perceptions, thoughts, and memories are presented in an apparently random form, without regard for logical sequence, chronology, or syntax.
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Dystopian literature | oppression and rebellion
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Metonymy | a figure of speech which substitutes one term with another that is being associated with the that term. A name transfer takes place to demonstrate an association of a whole to a part or how two things are associated in some way.
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Anaphor | Repetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of word groups occurring one after the other.
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Aphorism | Short, often witty statement presenting an observation or a universal truth; an adage.
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Apostrophe | Addressing an abstraction or a thing, present or absent; addressing an absent entity or person; addressing a deceased person.
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Juxtaposition |
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Climax | The climax is the result of the crisis. It is the high point of the story for the reader.
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Falling Action | The events after the climax which close the story.
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Denouement | The resolution of the plot of a literary work.
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Catastrophe | The action at the end of a tragedy that initiates the denouement or falling action of a play.
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Conflict | A struggle between opposing forces in a story or play, usually resolved by the end of the work.
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Objective | Narrator is unnamed/unidentified (a detached observer). Does not assume character's perspective and is not a character in the story. The narrator reports on events and lets the reader supply the meaning.
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Obstacle | something that impedes progress or achievement.
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Complication | refers to the difficult circumstances that come about through the character's attempts to find solutions to his/her problem.
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In media res | The classical tradition of opening an epic not in the chronological point at which the sequence of events would start, but rather at the midway point of the story.
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Allegory | The term loosely describes any writing in verse or prose that has a double meaning.
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Diction | choice of words, phrases, sentence structures, and figurative language, which combine to help create meaning.
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Syntax | The ordering of words into meaningful verbal patterns such as phrases, clauses, and sentences. Poets often manipulate syntax, changing conventional word order, to place certain emphasis on particular words.
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Connotation | Associations and implications that go beyond the literal meaning of a word, which derive from how the word has been commonly used and the associations people make with it.
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Denotation | The dictionary meaning of a word. See also connotation.
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Imagery | A word, phrase, or figure of speech (especially a simile or a metaphor) that addresses the senses, suggesting mental pictures of sights, sounds, smells, tastes, feelings, or actions.
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Unreliable Narrator | An unreliable narrator is a storyteller who "misses the point" of the events or things he describes in a story, who plainly misinterprets the motives or actions of characters, or who fails to see the connections between events in the story.
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Stream of Consciousness | Writing in which a character's perceptions, thoughts, and memories are presented in an apparently random form, without regard for logical sequence, chronology, or syntax.
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Dystopian literature | oppression and rebellion
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Metonymy | a figure of speech which substitutes one term with another that is being associated with the that term. A name transfer takes place to demonstrate an association of a whole to a part or how two things are associated in some way.
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Anaphor | Repetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of word groups occurring one after the other.
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Aphorism | Short, often witty statement presenting an observation or a universal truth; an adage.
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Apostrophe | Addressing an abstraction or a thing, present or absent; addressing an absent entity or person; addressing a deceased person.
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Juxtaposition | The arrangement of two or more ideas, characters, actions, settings, phrases, or words side-by-side or in similar narrative moments for the purpose of comparison, contrast, rhetorical effect, suspense, or character development.
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paradox | a statement whose two parts seem contradictory yet make sense with more thought.
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Parallelism | an arrangement of the parts of a composition so that elements of equal importance are balanced in similar constructions.Parallelism is a rhetorical device.
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Mood | The climate of feeling in a literary work. The choice of setting, objects, details, images, and words all contribute towards creating a specific mood
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Synecdoche | understanding one thing with another; the use of a part for the whole, or the whole for the part. (A form of metonymy.)
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Chiasmus | two corresponding pairs arranged not in parallels (a-b-a-b) but in inverted order (a-b-b-a); from shape of the Greek letter chi
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Litotes | understatement, for intensification, by denying the contrary of the thing being affirmed
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Euphemism | substitution of an agreeable or at least non-offensive expression for one whose plainer meaning might be harsh or unpleasant
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Sarcasm | is one kind of irony; it is praise which is really an insult; sarcasm generally invovles malice, the desire to put someone down
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Buildungsroman | A bildungsroman is a novel that traces the development of a character from childhood to adulthood, through a quest for identity that leads him or her to maturity
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