Mostly definition. Some fun "latin" roots are defined.
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| Definintion of "plasma" | Something formed
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| Definition of "lemma" from the word plasmalemma | Husk
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| Another name for Plasma membrane | Cell membrane
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| Glycocalyx | An external carbohydrate coat found on the plasma membrane
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| Lipids | Materials that are insoluble in water-fats, oils, and steroids. (3 kinds in the plasma membrane)
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| Phospholipids | Highest in number. Contain phosphate. And are polar.
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| Hydophobic | Term used to describe the non-charged, water repelling tails of the phospholipids
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| Hydrophilic | Term used to describe the charged, water loving head of the phospholipids.
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| Phospholipid bilayer | Formed because of the way the charged and non charged ends of the phospholipids associate w/eachother.
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| Intracellular fluid ICF | Fluid within the cell
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| Extracellular fluid ECF | Fluid outside the cell
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| Cholesterol | Type of lipid called a steroid. Also amounts to about 20% of plasma membrane lipids
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| Located in the bilayer. Strenghtens the membrane and stabilizes membrane at temp extremes | Cholestrol
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| Glycolipids | Make up about 5-10% of all lipids. Located only on the outer layer. Involved in intracellular adhesion, and cell to cell recognition and communications
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| Proteins | Complex diverse molecules composed of chains of smaller molecules called amino acids
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| Make up about 1/2 the plasma membrane by weight. And is responsible for most of the membrane's specific functions. | Protiens
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| Integral proteins | These are embedded within, and extend across, the phospholipid bilayer
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| These act ac membrane channels, providing a pore through which specific substances pass | Integral proteins
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| Receptors | Serves as binding sites for molecules outside the cell.
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| Integral proteins are similiar to phospholipids in that they- | Have hydrophobic and hydrophillic regions.
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| Perifpheral proteins | Are attached loosely to either the external or internal surface of the membrane. They float about the bilayer.
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| Enzymes | Both integral and peripheral proteins may serve as catalysts and are known by this term.
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| Change the rate of a metabolic reaction without being affected by the reaction itself. | Enzymes
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| Glycoproteins | An integral protein with an attached carbohydrate group.
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| This type of protein together with another type of lipid form the fuzzy glycocalyx on external surface of the plasma membrane. | Glycoproteins
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| ATP | Adenosine triphosphate
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| Function of ATP | Provides energy for some transports by releasing energy when the third bond in the molecule is broken.
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| This function of the plasma proteins is responsible for junctions that form btwn some neighboring cells when proteins in the membranes attach. | Intercellular connection
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| This function of the plasma proteins maintains the cell shape by the attachment of structural proteins inside the cell. | Anchor for the cytoskelton
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| This function of plasma proteins is the catalyst that changes metaboli rates of reactions. | Enzyme activity
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| This function of plasma proteins has carb components of glycoproteins and glycolipids that aid in _____. | Cell to cell recognition.
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| This is a plasma protein function that sends messages from a molecule outside the cell to a molecule inside the cell. | Signal transduction
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| Factors that influence membrane permeability-these _____ bind to specific carbs and helps them move across the membrane. | Transport proteins
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| Factors that influence membrane permeability-______ differs which enables some molecules to cross the bilayer and others to not pass. | Plasma membrane structure
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| Factors that influence membrane permeability-Materials tend to move more rapidly when their ______ is signficicantly different btwn the two compartments. | Concentration gradient
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| Factors that influence membrane permeability- Permeability depends on the ______, which determines attractiveness. | Ionic charge
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| Factors that influence membrane permeability-Materials that are ______ easily disovlve to pass through the bilayer. ex, nonpolar fatty acids. Whereas, complex sugars are non_______, and do not pass through. | Lipid soluble (solubility)
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| Factors that influence membrane permeability-Some molecules and ions move continuosly across the bilayer because of _____. | Molecular size
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| Concentration Gadient | The flow of materials from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
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| Passive transport processes include: | Osmosis, simple diffusion, Facilitated diffusion, and bulk filtration.
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| Factors influencing membrane permeability: | Transport proteins, Plasma membrane structure, Concentration gradient, ionic charge, lipid solubilty, and molecular size.
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| Definition of Diffusion | To pour in different directions
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| Simple diffusion: | The tendency of molecules to move down their concentration gradient.
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| Equilibrium: | A point where the concentration gradient no longer exhists.
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| Net movement: | A result of the concentration gradient, and coninues until molecules are evenly distributed.
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| Osmosis: | Simple diffusion in which WATER diffuses from one side of the selectivlely permeable membrane to the other, continues until equilibrium is established.
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| Facilitated diffusion: | Requires a specific transport protein to help certain large molecules and nonlipid soluble molecules cross the bilayer.
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| How facilitated diffusion occurs. | By binding the molecules to the transport protein, which alters the size and shape of both, allowing molecules to pass
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| Hydrostatic pressure: | Fluid pressure exerted by blood pushing against the inside wall of a blood vessel
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| Bulk filtration: | Involves the diffusion of solvents and solutes together.
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| Solutes: | Liquids that have solutes disolved in them.
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| How bulk filtration works. | When hydrostatic pressure forces water ans small solutes from the blood across the plasma membranes th
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| Active transport: | The movement of a substance across a plasma membrane against the concentration gradient.
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| Types of Active transport: | ion pumps and Bulk transport
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| Ion pumps: | Active transport process that moves ions across the membrand.
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| Sodium-potassium pump: | Moves one ion into the cell while removing another type of ion from the cell.
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| Some human cells require,or have, higher concentrations of potassium and lower sodium. What process is used to maintain this steep concentration gradient. | Sodium-potassium pump
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| Bulk transport: | Occurs because/when macromolecules (large proteins) and polysaccharides cannot move across the plasma membrane.
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| Exocytosis: | Large molecules are secreted from the cell.
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| How exocytosis occurs | When vesicles and plasma membrane come into contact; and lipid molecules from the vesicle and the bilayers rearrange to fuse. The macromolecule is then released to the outside of the cell. This process requires the use of ATP.
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| Endocytosis: | Large paticulate substances and macromolecules are taken into the cell
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| How endocytosis occurs | Extracellualr macromolecules and large particulates are packed in a vesicle that forms at the cell surface, a pocket is formed then the bilayer fuses, forming a new vesicle containing the material to be brought into the cell.
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| types of bulk transport: | exocytosis, endocytosis: phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis
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| Invagination: | A small area of plasma membrane folds inward to form a pocket.
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| Phagocytosis: | Cellular eating
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| Psuedopodia: | A membrane extension formed during phagocytosis.
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| How phagocytosis occurs | When a cell engulfs an external particle then membrane extensions are formed and particle is packaged within. Contents then digested after fusion w/a lysome
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| Pinocytosis: | Cellular drinking
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| How pinocytosis occurs: | Occurs when the cell internalizes small droplet of extracellular fluid into tiny vesicles. This process is non specific because all solutes are dissolved and taken in by the cell.
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| Receptor-mediated endocytosis: | The movement of specific molecules from teh extracellular environment into a cell by way of anewly formed vesicle.
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| How receptor-mediated endocytosis occurs | This is a specific mechanism. the Endocytosis is stimulated by binding of specific molecules to their specific membrane receptors. A pocket is formed, then pinced off, bilayer fuses, then incoming molecule is taken into the cell. ATP is used.
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| Example of receptor-mediated endocytosis | Cholestrol bound proteins called LDL receptors(low-density lipoproteins)
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| Example of pinocytosis | Cells from capillary wall, vesicles fill w/fluid containing solutes from blood, then carry it to other side of cell then expel its contents outside the capillary wall
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| Example of phagocytosis | White blood cell engulfs and digests a bacterium
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| Example of Simple diffusion | Oxygen continually moves from the lung air sacs into the blood, while carbon dioxide moves in the opposite direction
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