Synapsids and the Origin of Mammals
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| Who were the non-therapsid pelycosaurs? | Eothyrididae
Caseidae
Varanopseidae
Ophiacodontidae
Edaphosauridae
Sphenacodontidae
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| The earliest known pelycosaurs (but not most primitive). Medium-sized with long, slender heads, reflecting semi-aquatic fish-eating habits. Late Carboniferous to Early Permian of North America and Europe. | Ophiacodontidae
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| Large (pig-size) herbivorous forms. Middle Permian of North America and Europe. | Caseidae
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| Large-size herbivores, some with a sail. Early Permian of North America. | Edaphosauridae
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| Large-size carnivores, some with a sail. Early Permian of North America and Europe. | Sphenacodontidae
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| lower temporal fenestra | synapsida
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| snout deeper than wide | eupelycosauria
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| reflected lamina of angular bone. retroarticular process of articular turned downward | sphenocodontia
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| reflected lamina of angular deeply notched. upper canine in larger maxilla. limbs held more under body and slimmer, temporal fenestra enlarged. | therapsida
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| had sails from greatly enlarged neural arches. supported skin that was vascularized, for thermoregulation. | both primitive endaphosaurs and derived shpenacodontids
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| A sphenacodontid that toy manufacturers misidentify as a dinosaur. longer thinner legs than other eupelycosaurs, but held out horizontally. | Dimetrodon
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| coronoid process on dentary | theriodontia
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| temporal fossa open dorsally | euthriodontia
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| parital bony secondary palate. postcanine teeth with anterior and posterior accessory cusps. masseteric fossa on dentary. double occipital condyle. | cynodontia
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| primitive therapsids. both herbivores and carinivores. reflected lamina of angular deeply notched. upper canine in maxilla, slightly reduced in herbivorous form. | dinocephalians
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| another primitive therapsid, lasted until late Triassic. teeth highly reduced except or upper canines as tusks. toothless beak as cutting surface. | dicynodonts
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| jaw point enabled lower jaw to slide back and forth against upper jaw for crushing | dicynodonts
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| increase in number of sacral vertebrae form 2-3 in pelycosaurs to 4 more. has coronoid process on dentary but still has forelimbs extending outward from the body. | Gorgonopsian theriodont
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| partial bony secondary palate. differentiated teeth with incisors, canine tooth, cheek teeth with cusps. | cynodont characteristcs
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| bowing out of zygomatic arch. lumber ribs reduced or lost. distinct calcaneal heal. expanded iliac blade. | cynodont characteristics
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| in their pelvis, muscles to move femur downward and backward originate on tail. | pelycosaur
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| in their pelvis, muscles originate on ilium and insert on greater trochanter of femur. | mammals
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| an intermediate between pelycosaur and mammal, with more laterally oriented head and with greater trochanter. | cynodont femur
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| have reduced coracoids, reduced clavicle and interclavicle. acromion process first appears. | therapsids
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| lateral head of humerus incipient in cynodonts | evolution mammalian humerus
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| mammalian phalangeal formula of 2-3-3-3-3 first appears in | cynodonts
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| secondary palate formed from premaxilla and maxilla bones before | mammals
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| enalarged temporal opening of skull. differentiated dentition with large canine and cusped cheek teeth. secondary palate extending to palatine bone. | Cynognathus
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| Size of small dog. large dentary forming most of lower jaw. double occipital condyle. spine along front of scapula. extended ilium of pelvis. | Cynognathus
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| reflected lamina of angular=tympanic bone. quadrate=incus; articular=malleus. manubrium=retroarticular process of articular. | jaw joint into middle ear
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| quadrate and articular bones were loosely connected to skull and lower jaw. they may have been hearing with their lower jaw | cynodonts
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| quadrate and articular bones were loosely connected to skull and lower jaw. they may have been hearing with their lower jaw | cynodonts
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| May have had a diaphragm as do mammals | cynodonts
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| loss of lumbar ribs and tapering of thoracic ribs like mammals. | cynodonts
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| rod-like ilium, loss of postorbital bar betwen orbit and temporal fenestra, slender zygomatic arch, bony wall between eyeballs, enlarged nasal cavity. | tritylodonts, herbivorous probainognathans
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| dentary/squamosal jaw articulation. double rooted postcanine teeth. specialization of braincase. | mammalia
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| brain enclosed at side only by combination of prootic, opisthotic, and epipterygoid. | primitive synapsids
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| 3 cusps in line | teeth of primitive mammals
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| holotheria, triangular arrangement of cusps | mammalian teeth
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| early Jurassic mammal with premolars and molars | Morganucodon
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| still had angular and articular bones in lower jaw. | early mammals
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| sister group of synapsida is the | sauropsida
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| synapsids are among the most primitive | amniotes
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| synapsid synapomorphy of lower temporal fenestra bounded by | postorbital and squamosal bone
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| provides space for expansion of contracted muscle snd better site for attachment of origin of adductor muscle. | fenestra
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