DOE Core exam study guide
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| SI Prefixes | M^6,k^3,u^-6,p^-12
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| Work | force through distance
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| Force | change of speed or direction
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| Energy | ability to do work
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| Kinetic energy | energy of motion
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| Potential energy | energy of position
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| Thermal energy | heat energy
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| Chemical energy | new substances are produced
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| Atomic # | (z) protonz
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| Atomic Mass # | (A) protonz and neutrons
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| Atomic Mass | AMU
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| Atomic Weight | % abundance
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| Periods | rows
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| Groups | columns
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| Valence Shell | ground state atom
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| Valence Electrons | electrons in a valence shell
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| Nucleon | neutrons and protonz
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| Nuclide | constitution of the nucleus
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| Isotope | same # protonz, different # of neutrons
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| Mass & energy | are interchangeable
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| Pair annihilation | 2 particles collide make energy
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| Mass defect | sum of masses of p+n+e minus mass of the atom
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| Binding Energy | binds the nucleus
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| BE per nucleon | BE / # nucleons
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| Fission | splitting
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| Critical E for fission | to the point of separation
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| Criticality | new = old
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| Fusion | joins
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| Terrestrial radiation | 28 mrem
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| Cosmic radiation | 27 mrem
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| Internal emitters | 39 mrem
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| Inhaled | 200 mrem
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| Nuclear fallout | <1 mrem
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| Medical exposure | 53 mrem
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| Consumer products | 10 mrem
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| Nuclear facilities | <1 mrem
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| Nuclear stability | arrangement of n & p
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| Nuclear force | independent of charge
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| Increase in Z# | p/n ratio increase
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| Radioactivity | spontaneously emit radiation
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| Radioactive decay | spontaneously disintegrates
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| Alpha | 2 p, 2 n
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| Beta | -1 charge, 5.49E-4 AMU
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| Gamma | excited nuclei, use lead
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| Alpha Decay | Z-2
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| Beta Decay | Z+1
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| Positron Decay | Z-1, +beta
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| 2 aspects of decay | Modes, Rate
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| Fission products | too big a n/p ratio
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| Radioactive series | Uranium, Thorium, Actinium, Neptunium
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| Curie | dps of radium
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| Becquerel | 1 dps-60dpm
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| Roentgen | exposure
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| Rad | absorbed dose 100ergs/g
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| Gray | 1J/kg - 100 Rad
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| H=DQ | H=rem or sievert, D=Rad or gray,Q=quality factor
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| Dose equivalent | absorbed dose * quality factor
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| Quality factors | Rays=1, slow=3, fast=10, alpha=20
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| Ionization | removal of an electron of a neutral atom
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| Excitation | moves to a higher energy state
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| Bremsstrahlung | energy loss as it reacts with matter
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| Specific ionization | ion pairs/path length
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| Stopping power | removes energy
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| Alpha transfer | ionization, excitation
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| Beta transfer | Ionization, excitation, Bremsstrahlung
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| Gamma interaction | Photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, pair production
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| Photoelectric effect | all or nothing energy loss
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| Compton scattering | only part of the energy is transferred
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| Pair production | disappears
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| 4 catagories of neutrons | thermal (~.025eV), intermediate (0.5eV), fast (100KeV), relativistic (>20MeV)
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| 3 results of neutron capture | gamma, charged particles, fission
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| Elastic scattering | strikes and transfers SOME of its energy
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| Inelastic scattering | strikes, transfers most of the energy
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| Cell Membrane | regulates concentrations, 3-5k rads to rupture
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| Cytoplasm | jelly stuff, negligible
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| Mitochondria | supplies energy, few k rad to disrupt
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| Lysosomes | digestive enzymes, 500-1k rads to rupture
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| Nucleus | directs cell activity, most sensitive
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| Chromosomes | supercoils of DNA
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| Bergonie and Tribondeau law | radiosensitivity is directly proportional to its reproductive capability
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| Water | free radical and ion
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| secondary | hydrogen peroxide
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| Stochastic | no threshold, cancer
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| Non-stochastic | threshold, cataracts, infertility
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| LD 50/30 | 50% of exposed die within 30 days
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| Chronic radiation | low dose, long time, cancer
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| Hematopoietic system | 200-1000 rad
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| GI tract | 1-5k rad, weight loss
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| Central NS | >5k rad, death
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| 4 stages of rad poisoning | prodromal, latent illness, recovery or death
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| Fetal doses | 25 rad=development changes, 400-600 rad=death of fetus
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| Somatic | not passed on
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| Heritable | passed on
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| Purpose of the DOE rad manual | don't get dose unless its beneficial
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| Shall | Mandatory
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| Should | follow or find alternate
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| Pre-job ALARA | risk analysis
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| Pre-job brief | procedures, qualifications, emergencies
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| Post-job ALARA | unusual exposure events investigated
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| Post-job briefing | critique work performance
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| Minimizing personal exposure | time, distance shielding, amount
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| 6CEN | C=Source activity, E=(gamma1 X %)+(gamma 2 X%), N=# fo gamma/disintegrations
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| Source reduction | decay, decon, reduce, discharge, move
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| Line source equation | I1*d^2=I2*d^2
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| Point source equation | I1*d1=I2*d2
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| HLV | I (shielded)=I(unshielded X (1/2)^n
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| ALI | single radionuclide
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| DAC | divide ALI by the volume
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| Biological 1/2 life | independent of the physical 1/2 life
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| Blocking agent | saturates with a stable element
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| Diluting agent | reduces the bodies incorporation of radioactive atoms
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| Mobilizing agent | increases the natural turnover process
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| Chelating agent | insoluble to soluble
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| Current | amp, electrons past a point in a circuit
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| Voltage | volts, potential difference
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| Resistance | ohms, opposes flow
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| Ionization detectors | ion pairs, (GM tubes)
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| Excitation detectors | excites the atom (TLDs)
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| Chemical detectors | causes a chemical change (film badges)
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| Gas amplication curve | RIPLGC
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| Ion chamber detectors | before they can recombine
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| Proportional detectors | single very large pulse
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| Resolving time | initial pulse to next pulse measured
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| Dead time | initial pulse to next pulse produced
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| Recovery time | full size pulse to next full sized pulse
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| Gas filled detector discrimination | shielding, gas specific, pulse height
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| Scintillation detector | excitation, emits light when excited
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| Photomultiplier | detect scintillation
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| Photocathode | converts lightphotons to electrons
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| Dynode assembly | amplify the signal
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| Anode | collect the electron and generate a pulse
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| Voltage divider network | splits the high voltage into potentials
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| Shell | seals the tube
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| Boron activation | slow neutron detection, strike Boron-10, alpha emitted
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| Fission chambers | slow neutron detection, U-235
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| Activation Foils | slow neutron detection, absorb neutrons of a specific energy
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| Proton recoil | fast neutron detection, elastic scattering with Hydrogen atoms
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| Semiconductor | electrons moves from the valance to conduction leaving holes (electron-hole pairs)
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| GeLi system | High resolution, short response time, gamma only, keep cool
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| HPGe system | portable, room temperature, expensive
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| Dose equivalent in rem | rads*Q
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| Minimize ingestion by | not smoking
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| Fission products contain too many | neutrons
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| Which neutron has the least amount of K.E.? | thermal
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| The effective 1/2 life is <,>,= to the radioactive 1/2 life? | <
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| EES | English system
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| Q relates____to ____? | absorbed dose to dose equivalent
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