SSC
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| A theory is a: | Set of concepts and generalizations
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| The scientific method contains all but one of the following techniques:a. Observation b. Systematic collection of data c. Making data available for review d. Selecting data to prove a point | Selecting data to prove a point
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| Correlation differs from causation in that correlation: | Only indicates a possible causal relation
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| The social sciences have: | Problems conducting laboratory experiments, as do the natural sciences
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| History is often NOT considered a social science because: | Its primary concern is to record events of the past
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| Once a social scientist has formulated the hypothesis, what is the next step of the scientific method? | Developing a research design
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| The research method in which the researcher controls one variable and observes and records the results is called: | Experiment
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| A sample is: | A subset of a population
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| Statistics that allow researchers to generalize to a population from a sample are called: | Inferential
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| The hypothesis is a statement of: | A tentative statement of a topic that is subject to testing
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| Scientific theories: | Are open to challenge
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| Repeating a research project is called: | Replication
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| An anthropologist living with a group of people and engaging in some of their rituals is using the following research method: | Participant observation
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| Experiments are: | Based on controlling a variable and observing the results
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| During the Enlightenment of the 18th century: | A number of scholars believed human social life could be studied scientifically
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| Variables that exercise influence on other variables are called: | Independent variables
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| Scientific conclusions are: | Relative to time and place of study and subject to revision
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| An intensive study of an individual or a small group is made by using the following research method: | Case study
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| If a broad spectrum of the population is surveyed at a given time, the study is called: | Cross-sectional
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| The notion that social institutions reinforce and legitimize class divisions is derived from: | Karl Marx
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| The most fundamental facto(s) in stratification is (are): | Education and income
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| The social science that deals with human use of the natural environment is: | Geography
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| The structural-functionalist explanation of social stratification asserts that: | There is a limited number of skilled, talented people; thus, they should be rewarded
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| Which are the dimensions of stratification? | Class, status, and power
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| Marx’s view of social class is that: | Private ownership of the means of production perpetuates class divisions
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| Political science has taken a turn toward the social sciences in its studies of: | The social impact of government on groups and individuals
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| Social Darwinists believed that: | Only the strongest persons should control the resources of a society
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| Max Weber believed that: | Class is closely related to life chances
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| The study of human group behavior is the definition of: | Sociology
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| The discipline that studies such disparate subjects as the environment, religion, politics, organization, and so on, is: | Sociology
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| Humans exhibit: | Biological drives
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| Studies of siblings who shared parents, social class, and everyday experiences have shown that they: | View the same experiences differently
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| Absence of body contact and stimulation in infants inhibits: | Development of higher learning functions
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| Successful socialization for humans requires: | Contact with other humans
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| Specialized socialization occurs most frequently in: | Occupational groups or organizations
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| Darwin’s theory lacked an explanation of: | How traits were transmitted to offspring
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| When one knows the roles that one is expected to play and is willing and able to do so, one is: | Successfully socialized
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| Socialization involves the use of which process to turn a “horde of barbarians” into productive human beings? | Symbolic and physical interaction
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| Recent research supports the notion that mother-infant bonding: | Has a biological basis
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| The primary agent of socialization is the: | Family
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| The emergence of the self as a result of interaction with other is a common thread in ALL BUT ONE of the following theories: a. Lookingglass self b. Symbolic interactionism c. Behaviorism d. Developmental theory | Behaviorism
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| Natural selection refers to: | Having a trait or traits useful in a change of environment
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| Cooley’s looking glass self refers to: | A person’s perception as to what others think of him/her
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| Which is NOT an aim of the process of socialization? a. To teach infants to sit, stand, walk, and run in that order b. To teach infants the fundamentals of life in society c. To instill societal aspirations d. To transmit skills important in the socie | To teach infants to sit, stand, walk, and run in that order
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| Personality must be considered as: | Interplay between environment and learned behavior
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| In Erikson’s system, each of the stages present the individual with: | Crises of self-definition
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| Maturation is a term used by developmental psychologies to refer to: | Physical (biological) development
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| The succession of stages inPiagets model of cognitive development is: a.Early childhood,play,concrete operational,and formal operational b.Sensorimotor,pre-operational,intuitive operational c.Sensorimotor,intuitive operational,concrete operational d.N | None of the above
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| Freudian psychoanalytic theory emphasizes the importance of the: | Unconscious level of personality
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| Gestalt psychology looks at: | Behavior as a whole
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| Which of the following refers to Piaget’s developmental theory? | Personality development proceeds in stages related to sensory-motor maturation
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| According to Piaget’s developmental theory: | a child of eight can master addition
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| Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development claims: | Universal validity
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| Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers are associated with the following theories of personality: | Stressing self-concept and self-actualization
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| What is one difference between Freud’s developmental stages and Erikson’s? | Freud stopped at adolescence
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| Kohlberg’s three stages of moral development are: | Pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional
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| Personality may be seen as a circular system in that: | Personality affects roles and vice-versa
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| A major criticism of Freud’s theory is: | His overemphasis on early childhood
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| Individuals who become inmates of a total institution undergo the process of: | Resocialization
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| Cooley’s looking glass self refers to: | A person’s perception as to what other think of him/her
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| According to George Herbert Mead, the self is: | An indivual’s selfconcept of selfawareness
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| Deviance is defined as: | Behavior that passes the limits of what the social group tolerates
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| A mother who says “If you hang out with bums, you will become a bum” favors which theory of deviance? | Differential association
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| The “significant others: of Mead’s theory are: | Important because they provide the initial role models
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| The theory of symbolic interactionism in personality formation is associated with: | George Herbert Mead
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| The theory speculating that every society develops a number of cultural goals for members to attain, but that attainment is not possible for all, is called the: | Anomie theory
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| The newest challenge to the family’s formerly exclusive claim to the socialization of its children has come from: | The day-care center
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| People who are important in shaping your self-concept and whose approval you wish to have are: | Significant others
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| Merton attributed deviance to “anomie,” meaning: | Lack of legitimate means to attain group goals
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| According to Mead, the generalized other is: | Societal norms
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| Defense mechanisms function to: | Deflect anxiety
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| Socialization happens in: | Persons of all ages
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| Admiration of power and intolerance of differences is linked to a: | Authoritarian personality
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| The most fundamental factor(s) in stratification is (are): | Education and income
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| Pluralist societies depend upon one of the following for their existence: | Coexistence
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| When a minority group accepts the culture of the dominant group, it is called: | Assimilation
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| The most pernicious aspect of sexist ideology is: | The pervasiveness of the ideology
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| The most obvious effect of sexism on women has been that they: | Have been denied alternatives to the roles of wives and mothers
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| Which of the following is a criticism of Marxist theory? | Inequality is a motivating force for people to rise in the stratification system
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| Max Weber believed that: | Class is closely related to life chances
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| Stressing the desirability of retaining each group’s cultural distinctiveness is part of the ideology of: | Cultural pluralism
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| Maintaining a group’s distinctive customs and identity is called: | Cultural pluralism
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| Marx’s view of social class is that: | Private ownership of the means of production perpetuates class divisions
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| American gender role socialization research has concluded that almost all children know their sex and how each sex is to behave by the age of: | Three or four
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| When parents give rewards for certain sex role behavior, the process is called conditioning, and is the basis for: | The social learning theory
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| According to Karl Marx: | Classes are determined by the relationship of a group in society to the means of production
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| According to Gordon Allport, much prejudice is based on: | Economic competition among different groups
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| In theory, communism calls for: | Abolition of private property
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| Totalitarian regimes: | Control the individual socially and politically
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| The author of a famous treaties on the origin of the state characterized existence in the “state of nature” as: | “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short”
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| Traditional autocracy has been replaced by: | Authoritarian or totalitarian ideologies
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| The state has the following relationship to force: | It has a monopoly on it
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| The concept of human inequality: | Underlies fascism
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| Legal-rational authority tends to be characteristic of: | Heterogeneous, multicultural societies
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| Legal-rational authority is characteristic of: | Urban industrial, developed societies
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| The difference between government and state is that: | Government is a process that includes the people who exercise political power
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| The emergence of the state as a result of a “social contract” is the hypothesis found in the work of: | Thomas Hobbes
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| According to French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau, the state emerged: a. After the establishment of private property b. Because people began to fight among themselves c. All of the above d. None of the above | All of the above
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| The democratic state is based on the social contract theories of Locke and Rousseau. These theories maintain that: | The people allow themselves to be governed for their own good
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| Fascism first emerged: | In Italy, under the leadership of Benito Mussolini
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| Conflict theorists see the state’s function as: | Protecting the interest of the ruling elite only
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| Functionalists approach the state as a tool to: | Maintain order
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