Post-Mortem Physical and Chemical Changes
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| the art and science of disinfecting, temporarily preserving, and restoring to a normal appearance a dead human body | embalming
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| the destruction or inhibition of pathogenic organisms and their products in or on the body | disinfection
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| chemical treatment of the body so as to delay the decomposition of the body for a limited amount of time | temporary preservation
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| the care of the deceased to recreate natural form and color-to change the body back to amore normal appearance when the body has become unpleasant | restoration
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| use of the circulatory system in the body, injection into an artery, drainage from a vein | arterial embalming
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| direct chemical treatment other than by arterial embalming of the contents of the body cavities | cavity embalming
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| injection of embalming chemicals directly into the tissues | hypodermic embalming
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| direct contact of internal or external body surfaces or tissues with embalming chemicals | surface/topical embalming
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| a cotton piece placed directly on the surface of the body and the appropriate chemical is applied-area is preserved by osmosis | surface pack/cavity pack
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| cause the breakdown of proteins | enzymes
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| a relationship based on trust | fiduciary relationship
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| the study of death in all of its aspects | thanatology
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| legal definition of death | total cessation of brain function
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| a condition in which the heartbeat, respiration, body warmth, and other manifestations of life are very feebly maintained | apparent death
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| the sound sometimes made by the dying caused by labored breathing through air passages partly filled by mucus | death rattle
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| the semi-convulsive series of movements and facial twitches which may occur before death | death struggle
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| that period of time immediately before death | agonal period
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| bound for death | moribund
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| at the edge of death-statements made at this time are held in great legal weight | in articulo mortis
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| the body of a deceased person | human remains
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| latin term for a dead body embalmed especially for medical observation | cadaver
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| elements of a dead body after cremation | cremated remains
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| ratio of the number of deaths over a given period of time to the population of a given area | mortality rate/death rate
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| ratio of the number of specific cases of diseases over a given period of time to the population of a given area | morbidity rate
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| the death of the whole organism-death of the human body as an autonomous self-sustaining biological unit | somatic death
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| cessation of heartbeat and respiration, lasts 5 to 6 minutes, can be reversed | clinical death
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| irrevocable death, follows clinical death | biologic death
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| stage of death which commences upon the irreversible cessation of brain function | biologic death
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| idea by Dr. Bichat, if one of the essential organs fail, the others fail within moments | tripod of life
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| death originating in the heart | syncope
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| death originating in the brain | coma
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| death originating in the lungs | asphyxia
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| the death of the individual cells of the body | cellular death
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| cause of cellular death, absence of oxygen | anoxia
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| antemortem cell death and their replacement by new cells of the same type | necrobiosis
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| the pathological death of cells/tissues in a living body | necrosis
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| sudden deaths of healthy people, cell death is | slow
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| deaths due to chronic diseases, cell death is | rapid
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| death of a young person, cell death is | slow
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| cold environment, cell death is | slow
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| deadly to cells | cytotoxic
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| those sensible manifestations that indicate the absence of life in a human | signs of death
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| the only reliable sign of death | decomp
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| 7 signs of death | 1) cessation of heartbeat/respiration, 2) algor mortis, 3) livor mortis, 4) rigor mortis, 5) dehydration, 6) changes in the eye, 7) decomp
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| how does the eye change in death? | eye clouds, cornea becomes milky, jelly of eye begins to evaporate
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| 5 signs of decomp | 1) green color (LRQuadrant), 2) skin slip, 3) purge, 4) gas buildup, 5) odor
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| any procedure used to prove a sign of death | test for death
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| those tests for death for which medical instruments are necessary | expert test
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| 5 expert tests for death | 1) stethoscope, 2) opthalmascope, 3) electroencephalograph, 4) electrocardiograph, 5) dye injection
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| those tests for death which do not require specific training | inexpert tests
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| 4 inexpert tests for death | 1) heartbeat/respiration check, 2) ligature test, 3) ammonia injection, 4) pulse test
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| the lowering of the body temp just before death | agonal algor
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| increase in body temp just before death | agonal fever
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| a settling/moving of the blood to the dependent parts AM | agonal hypostasis
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| AM clots/congealing of the blood | agonal coagulation
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| AM blood vessels expanding to get more oxygen and nutrients | agonal capillary expansion
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| AM increase moisture level | agonal edema
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| AM drying out of the body | agonal dehydration
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| AM bacteria that are normally in the intestines travel outward to find nutrients, immune system breaking down | agonal translocation of bacteria
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| term used to describe the faces of the dying, used by Hippocrates | facies hippocratica
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| those changes in the body from the molecular to the systemic level that take place after biologic death | post-mortem changes
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| the passage of time btw biologic death and the start of the embalming process | PM interval
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| those pm changes which involve a change in the location or physical form of a body chemical | pm physical change
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| 4 PM physical changes | 1) algor mortis, 2) livor mortis, 3) dehydration, 4) increase in blood viscosity
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| those pm changes which involve an actual change of identity of chemicals | pm chemical change
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| 6 pm chemical changes | 1) decomp, 2) change in pH, 3) rigor mortis, 4) PM stain, 5) PM caloricity, 6) hydrolysis
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| the PM adjustment of body to that of the surrounding medium | algor mortis
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| only way for a body to release heat pm | direct convection through the skin
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| rate at which liver loses heat for the first 3 hours pm? for every hour after that? until when? | 4 degrees F / hour for the first 3 hours, 1.5 degrees F for every hour after that until environmental temp is reached
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| tall bodies cool_____ than short bodies | slower
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| very young and very old cool _____ than those in prime of life | faster
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| the pm reddish-blue discoloration of the body due to the hypostasis of blood (6 synonyms) | 1) livor mortis, 2) PM lividity, 3) cadaveric ecchymosis, 4) cadaveric lividity, 5) passive congestion, 6) hypostatic congestion
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| the pm gravitation/settling of blood into the dependent parts | hypostasis
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| the changes in the color of the skin due to loss of blood pigment | pallor
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| is livor mortis intravascular or extravascular | intravascular
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| the loss of moisture from the body tissues | dehydration
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| extreme dehydration-causes shrivelling and blackening of the tissue | desiccation
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| extreme rapid and complete desiccation | mummification
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| 4 factors that accelerate pm dehydration | 1) refrigeration, 2) hypostasis of blood, 3) air currents, 4) agonal dehydration
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| the degree of thickness of a liquid | viscosity
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| in a refrigerated environment, blood viscosity is _______, in a temp near 98.6, blood viscosity is ______ | liquid, more viscous
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| temporary reduction in the viscosity of blood | hypinosis
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| clot that forms the quickest, all blood elements in a homogenous, wet, soft clot, easily moveable by arterial injection | red currant jelly clot/cruror clot
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| clot that forms when gravity separates white and red blood cells, form a white-grey clot | chicken fat clot
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| clot most likely to stick to vessel walls, likely to form in R atrium of heart, difficult to remove | white fibrin clot
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| chemical breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones | decomposition
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| chemicals so simple they can no longer be broken down by normal means | end products
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| decomp of proteins | proteolysis
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| proteins breakdown into | amino acids
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| amino acids break down into | amines, CO2, H2O
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| amines (ptomaines) breakdwon into (4) | putrescine, cadaverine, skatole, indole
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| hydrogen phosphide, N2, mercaptans, and ammona (and compounds) are examples of what? | amine end products
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| most dangerous end product: | ammonia
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| type of proteolysis cause by enzymatic breakdown of anaerobic bacteria, usually foul-smelling | putrefaction
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| type of proteolysis caused by aerobic bacteria, usually not foul-smelling | decay
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| sugars breakdown. what do they breakdown into? | sacchrolysis, carbohydrates and organic acids CO2 and H2O
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| sacchrolysis also called _______, causes what adverse effect | fermentation, gas distention
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| involving decomp of body fats, what are the end products | lipolysis, fatty acids and glycerol
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| if a dead body is buried in direct contact with moist alkaline earth, the adipose tissue can be transformed into | adipocere/grave wax
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| process of adipocere formation | saponification
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| decomp of cells, self-destruction w/out bacterial influence | autolysis
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| cell organelle responsible for autolysis | lysosome
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| most saprophytic bacteria thrive in what temperature | 99.5
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| decomp slows at temps above ______ and below _____ | 120, 50
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| first and last organs to decomp | 1) lining of larynx and trachea, 2) non-pregnant uterus
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| order of decomp of body tissues | 1) liquid tissues, 2) soft tissues, 3) firm tissues, 4) hard tissues
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| blood and lymph fluid are considered ____ tissues | liquid
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| special organ tissues that do the function of the organ | parencyma
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| organ tissues are considered _____ tissues | soft
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| stroma, muscles, tendons are considered _____ tissues | firm
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| bones and cartilage are considered _____ tissues | hard
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| order of decomp of body compounds | 1) carbohydrates (sacchrolysis), 2) proteins (proteolysis), 3) fats (lipolysis), 4) firm proteins, 5) calcium compounds
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| law which describes the relative speed of decomp of an unembalmed body in air, water, or soil | casper's law
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| ratio of decomp for air to water to soil | 1:2:8
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| pH of a living body is considered slightly _____, pH of | alkaline, 7.4
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| PM body pH turns | acidic
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| PM stiffening of body muscles, both involuntary and voluntary | rigor mortis
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| three stages of rigor | 1) primary flaccidity, 2) onset, duration, termination, 3) secondary flaccidity
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| 5 ways to break rigor | bend, flex, rotate, massage, extend
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| rigor begins to appear between ___ and ____ hours after death | 8, 20
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| rigor peaks at ____ hours after onset | 12
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| rigor lasts from ____ to ____ hours after onset | 10, 72
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| involuntary muscles around hair follicles contract, sign of rigor | cutis anserina
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| cause of rigor | decomp of ATP
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| optimum (for a quick onset and quick duration of rigor) temp | 98-100 degrees
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| rigor is quicker in what age groups, rigor is slow onset and long duration in what age range | infants and old people fast and brief, young people and healthy adults slow onset long duration
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| a poison that causes convulsions would have what effect on rigor | accelerate
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| extreme muscular activity right before death would have what effect on rigor | rapid onset, intense degree of stiffness, brief duration
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| a person with a lot of muscle mass at time of death will have what effect on rigor | slow onset, great degree of rigidity, long duration
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| what is the order of appearance and disappearance of rigor mortis in the body parts? (9) | 1) eyes/eyelids, 2) back of neck, 3) lower jaw, 4) face, 5) front of neck, 6) chest muscles, 7) arms, 8)trunk, 9) legs
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| permanent stiffening and coagulation of muscle tissue where tiss. are exposed to very high heat, mistaken for rigor | heat stiffening
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| mistaken for rigor, refrigerated bodies at <40 degrees | cold stiffening
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| in living bodies, mistaken for rigor, muscular rigidity that affects the whole body, person appears to be in a death-like coma, but not dead | catalepsy
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| a phenomenon in which the last act of life is crystallized in death, mistaken for rigor | cadaveric spasm
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| an extravascular blood discoloration, caused by hemolysis (decomp of red blood cells) | PM stain
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| causes pm stain | plasma filtration (plasma separating from blood, and blood seeping in intracellular spaces)
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| the rise in body temp immediately following somatic death | pm caloricity
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| febrile diseases, muscle activity before death, AM disturbance of body heat mechanisms, and sudden deaths are all prone to | pm caloricity
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| a breakdown of complex substances into simpler substances when one of the catalysts is water or the elements in water | hydrolysis
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| the absorption of water or any liquid by any substance | imbibition
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| decomp of a body surrounded by water | maceration
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| example of maceration | a fetus dead in utero
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| According to OSHA, must keep an MSDS for any solution with ___% or more of any hazardous chemical. | 1%
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| According to OSHA, must keep an MSDS for any solution with ___% or more of any carcinogen. | .01%
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| for proper prep room ventilation, you should have air pulled from the _____ level and fresh air filtered in from the _____ level | air pulled from the floor level and fresh air filtered in from the ceiling level
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