Pelvic girdle structure, function, false & true pelvis and motions
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| What makes up the pelvic girdle? | Sacrum, coccyx & two the hip bones (ilium, ischium & pubis).
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| What joints & articulations are included in the pelvic girdle? | Sacroiliac joints (2-Right & left, posterolaterally), the symphysis pubis (1-anteriorly), the lumbosacral joint (superiorly), intervertenral disk (1) & facets (2).
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| The pelvic girdle is also know as? | Pelvis
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| What is the false pelvis? | The bony area between the iliac crests & above the pelvic inlet (no organs here).
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| Where is the pelvic inlet? | Between the sacral promontory (posteriorly) and the superior border of the symphysis pubis (anteriorly).
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| Are there pelvic organs within the false pelvis? | No
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| What is the true pelvis? | It lies between the pelvic inlet and the pelvic outlet.
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| What is the true pelvis also called? | Lesser or minor pelvis.
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| What is the false pelvis also called? | Greater or major pelvis.
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| Where is the pelvic outlet? | Tip of coccyx & inferior surface of the symphysis pubis.
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| What does the pelvic cavity contain? | GI tract, urinary tract, reproductive organs (forms the birth canal in females).
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| What makes up the pelvic cavity? | The true pelvis.
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| Describe the pelvic girdle in males | Pelvic cavity is heart shaped. Sharp pubic arch, walls more verticle, taller & more funnel shaped.
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| Describe the pelvic girdle in females | Sacrum - shorter, and less curved (funnel shaped). Pelvic arch is wider & more rounded. Walls not as verticle.
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| What is the abbreviation for sacroiliac joint? | SI joint
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| Where is the SI joint? | Between the sacrum & ilium (lateral to each).
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| What type of joint is the SI joint? | Synovial = synovial lining, capsule Nonaxial Plane joint irregular surfaces (lock the 2 surfaces together).
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| What is the function (fx)of the SI joint? | Transmit body weight through the spine to the pelvis in the lower extremities.
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| Nutation | Sacral flexion, base (superior) moves anterior/inferior.
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| Counternutation | Sacral extension, base (superior) moves posterior/superior.
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| Sacrum | Wedge shaped and consists of five fused sacral vertebrae.
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| Where is the sacrum located? | Between the two hip bones & makes up the posterior border of the bony pelvis.
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| Base of the sacrum | Superior surface of S1.
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| Promontory of the sacrum | Ridge projecting along the anterior edge of the body of S1.
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| Superior articular process of the sacrum | Located posteriorly on the base, it articulates with the inferior articular process of L5.
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| Ala of the sacrum | Lateral flared wings that are actually fused transverse processes.
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| Foramina of the sacrum | Located on the anterior (pelvic) & dorsal surfacesare four pair of foramina. They serve as the exit for the anterior and posterior divisions of the sacral nerves. The anterior foramina are larger.
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| Auricular surface (auricular latin for earlike)of the sacrum | Named because its shape is similar to the external ear. It is located on the lateral surface of the sacrum & articulates with the ilium. The irregular surface assists in locking the two surfaces together, providing greater stability.
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| Pelvic surface of the sacrum | Concave anterior surface.
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| Ilium | Superior part of the hip bone.
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| Iliac tuberosity | Large roughened area between the posterior portion of the iliac crest and the auricular surface (attachment for interosseous ligament).
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| What serves as the attachment for interosseous ligament? | Iliac tuberosity
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| Auricular surface of the ilium | It is located inferior and anterior to the iliac tuberosity.
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| Iliac crest | Superior ridge of the ilium, the bony area felt when you place your hands on your hips.
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| Posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS) | Posterior projection of the iliac crest & serves as an attachment for the posterior sacroiliac ligament.
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| Posterior inferior iliac spine (PIIS) | Lies inferior to the PSIS and serves as an attachment for the sacrotuberous ligament.
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| What serves as an attachment for the posterior sacroiliac ligament? | PSIS
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| What serves as an attachment for the posterior sacroiliac ligament? | PIIS
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| What is the bony area felt when you place your hands on your hips? | Iliac Crest
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| Greater sciatic notch | Formed by the ilium superiorly & the ilium & ischium inferiorly.
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| Greater sciatic foramen | Formed from the greater sciatic notch by ligamentous attachments. The sciatic nerve passes through this opening.
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| Sacrotuberous ligament | Sacrum to ischial tuberosity. Forms the posterior medial border of the foramen.
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| Sacrospinous ligament | Sacrum to ischial spine. Forms the inferior border of the foramen.
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| Where does the sciatic nerve pass through? | Greater sciatic foramen
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| Ischial body | makes up all of the ischium superior to the tuberosity.
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| Lesser sciatic notch of the ischium | Smaller concavity located on the posterior body between the greater sciatic notch & the ischial tuberosity.
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| Ischial spine | Located on the posterior body betweenthe greater sciatic & lesser sciatic notches. It provides attachment for the sacrospinous ligament.
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| What provides attachment for the sacrospinous ligament? | Ischial spine
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| Ischial tuberosity | The blunt, rough projection on the inferior part of the body. It is a weight-bearing surface when you are sitting.
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| Anterior/posterior sacroiliac ligament | Supports joint. Broad, flat ligament on the anterior (pelvic) surface connecting the ala & pelvic surface of the sacrum to the auricular surface of the ilium.
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| Seated flexion | Trunk forward, ilium follow so sacrum posterior = sacral extension = sacral counternutation.
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| Seated extension | Trunk extension, ilium follow, so sacrum opposit goes anterior = nutation.
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| Hip flexion | Ilium does opposite (posterior), sacrum opposite (anterior)= nutation
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| Hip extension | Ilium does opposite (anterior), sacrum opposite (posterior)= counternutation
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| Trunk same = | ilium
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| Trunk opposite = | Sacrum
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| Pubic symphysis | Joins the right and left sides of the the pubic bones anteriorly. A fibrocartilage disk lies between the two bones.
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| What kind of joint is the pubic symphysis? | Amphiarthrodial (little movement)
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| What ligaments make up the pubic symphysis? | Superior pubic ligament & inferior pubic ligament.
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| Superior pubic ligament | Attaches to the pubis tubercles on each side of the body and strengthens the superior & anterior portions of the joint.
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| Inferior pubic ligament | Attaches between the two inferior rami. Strengthens the inferior portion of the joint.
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| Pubis body | Main portion of the pubic bone has superior and inferior projections (ramus).
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| Superior ramus of the pubis | Superior projections of the pubic body.
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| Inferior ramus of the pubis | Inferior projections of the pubic body that provides attachment for the inferior pubic ligament.
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| Tubercle of the pubis | Projects anteriorly on the superior ramus near the midline & provides attachment for the superior pubic ligament.
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| Lombosacral Joint | 5th lumbar vertebra & 1st sacral vertebra. There is a body w/disk between, The vertebrae articulate @ the articular process es (inferior of L5 & superior of S1)
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| Iliolumbar Ligament | Attaches on the transverse process of L5 to lateral inner lip of the posterior/superior portion of the iliac crest.
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| Lumbosacral Ligament | Attaches on the transverse process of L5 to the ala of the sacrum. "wings" = lateral/bilateral
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| Lumbosacral Angle | 1)Draw line parallel to ground 2)Draw line parallel to base of sacrum (flat surface)
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| Increased lordosis | Increased lumbosacral angle (back motion) (Normal 30 degrees)
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| Decreased lordosis | Decreased lumbosacral angle (back motion) (Normal 30 degrees)
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| What happens to L5 with increased lordosis and increased lumbosacral angle? | L5 has tendency to slide anterior - blocked by spinal ligaments.
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| Pelvic girdle motion: Anterior Tilt | Pelvis tilts forward; ASIS lowers anteriorly and PSIS elevates.
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| Pelvic girdle motion: Posterior Tilt | Pelvis tilts backward; ASIS elevates and PSIS lowers posteriorly.
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| How to stay upright if pelvis tilts forward (anterior tilt) | Something must go backward = trunk extension
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| Anterior Tilt (combination movements) | Trunk extension, increased lordosis & hip flexion.
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| Posterior Tilt (combination movements) | Trunk flexion, decreased lordosis & hip extension.
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| Lateral Tilt (unsupported side) | One iliac crest is higher then the other; not level. Lateral bending (to supported side) Adduction - weight bearing side / Abduction - non-weight bearing side.
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| Pelvic Rotation (forward/anterior) | Rotation in a transverse plane/vertical axis (rotation to opposite side) medial rotation - weight bearing side.
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| Pelvic Rotation (backward/posterior) | Rotation in a transverse plane/vertical axis (rotation to opposite side) lateral rotation - weight bearing side.
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| Force Couples of pelvic girdle: Anterior Tilt | Back extensors & hip flexors.
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| Force Couples of pelvic girdle: Posterior Tilt | Trunk flexors (abdominals) & hip extensors (hamstrings & gluteus maximus).
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| Force Couples of pelvic girdle: Lateral Tilt | Quadratus lumborum & erector spinae.
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