The Art of Public Speaking Exam 1
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| stage fright | anxiety over the prospect of giving a speech in front of an audience
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| adrenaline | a hormone released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress
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| positive nervousness | controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for her or his presentation
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| visualization | mental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures himself or herself giving a successful presentation
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| critical thinking | focused, organized thinking about such things as the logical relationships among ideas, the soundness of evidence, and the differences between fact and opinion
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| speaker | the person who is presenting an oral message to a listener
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| message | whatever a speaker communicates to someone else
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| channel | the means by which a message is communicated
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| listener | the person who receives the speaker's message
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| frame of reference | the sum of a person's knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes. No two people can have exactly the same frame of reference
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| feedback | the messages, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker
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| interference | anything that impedes the communication of a message. Interference can be external or internal to listeners
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| situation | the time and place in which speech communication occurs
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| ethnocentrism | the belief that one's own group of culture is superior to all other groups or cultures
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| ethics | the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs
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| ethical decisions | sound ethical decisions involve weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines
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| name-calling | the use of language to defame, demean, or degrade individuals or groups
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| Bill of Rights | the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution
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| plagiarism | presenting another person's language or ideas as one's own
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| global plagiarism | stealing a speech entirely form s single source and passing it off as one's own
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| patchwork plagiarism | stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one's own
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| incremental plagiarism | failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people
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| paraphrase | to restate or summarize an author's ideas in one's own words
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| hearing | the vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain
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| listening | paying close attention to, and making sense of, what we hear
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| appreciative listening | listening for pleasure or enjoyment
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| empathetic listening | listening to provide emotional support for a speaker
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| comprehensive listening | listening to understand the message of a speaker
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| critical listening | listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it
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| spare "brain time" | the difference between the rate at which most people talk (120 to 150 w/m) and the rate at which the brain can process language (400 to 800 w/m)
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| active listening | giving undivided attention to a speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speaker's point of view
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| key-word outline | an outline that briefly notes a speaker's main pints and supporting evidence in rough outline form
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| topic | the subject of a speech
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| brainstorming | a method of generating ideas for speech topics by free association of words and ideas
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| general purpose | the broad foal of a speech
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| specific purpose | a single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech
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| central idea | a one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech
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| residual message | what a speaker wants the audience to remember after it has forgotten everything else in a speech
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| catalogue | a listing of all the books, periodicals, and other resources owned by a library
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| call number | a number used in libraries to classify books and periodicals and to indicate where they can be found on the shelves
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| periodical database | a research aid that catalogues articles from a large number of journals or magazines
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| abstract | a summary of a magazine or journal article, written by someone other than the original author
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| reference work | a work that synthesizes a large amount of related information for easy access by researchers
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| general encyclopedia | a comprehensive reference work that provides information about all branches of human knowledge
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| special encyclopedia | a comprehensive reference work devoted to a specific subject such as religion, art, law, science, music, etc.
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| yearbook | a reference work published annually that contains information about the previous year
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| biographical aid | a reference work that provides information about people
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| virtual library | a search engine that combines internet technology with traditional library methods of cataloguing and assessing data
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| sponsoring organization | an organization that, in the absence of a clearly identified author, is responsible for the content of a document on the internet
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| research interview | an interview conducted to gather information for a speech
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| preliminary bibliography | a list compiled early in the research process of works that look as if they might contain helpful information about a speech topic
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| strategic organization | putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience
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| main points | the major points developed in the body of a speech. Most speeches contain form two to five main points
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| chronological order | a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern
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| spatial order | a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern
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| causal order | a method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship
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| problem-solution order | a method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem.
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| topical order | a method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics
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| supporting materials | the materials used to support a speaker's ideas. The three major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony
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| connective | a word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationship between them
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| transition | a word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another
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| internal preview | a statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss
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| internal summary | a statement in the body of a speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point or points
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| signpost | a very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas
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| rhetorical question | a question that the audience answers mentally rather than out loud
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| credibility | the audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic
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| goodwill | the audience's perception of whether the speaker has the best interests of the audience in mind
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| preview statement | a statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body
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| crescendo ending | a conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity
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| dissolve ending | a conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement
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| preparation outline | a detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, sub points, connectives, conclusion and bibliography of a speech
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| visual framework | the pattern of symbolization and indentation in a speech outline that shows the relationships among the speaker's ideas
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| bibliography | a list of all the sources used in preparing a speech
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| speaking outline | a brief outline used to jog a speaker's memory during the presentation of a speech
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| delivery cues | directions in a speaking outline to help a speaker remember how she or he wants to deliver key parts of the speech
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| denotative meaning | the literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase
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| connotative meaning | the meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase
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| concrete words | words that refer to tangible objects
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| abstract words | words that refer to ideas or concepts
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| clutter | discourse that takes many more words than are necessary to express an idea
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| imagery | the use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions, or ideas
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| simile | an explicit comparison, introduced with the word 'like' or 'as', between things that are essentially different yet have something in common
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| cliché | a trite or overused expression
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| metaphor | an implicit comparison between two things that are essentially different yet have something in common
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| rhythm | the pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words
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| parallelism | the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences
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| repetition | reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences
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| alliteration | repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words
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| antithesis | the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure
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| inclusive language | language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors
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| generic 'he' | the use of 'he' to refer to both men and women
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| nonverbal communication | communication based on a person's use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words
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| manuscript speech | a speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience
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| impromptu speech | a speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation
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| extemporaneous speech | a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes
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| conversational quality | presenting a speech so it sounds spontaneous no matter how many times it has been rehearsed
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| volume | the loudness or softness of the speaker's voice
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| pitch | the highness or lowness of the speaker's voice
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| inflections | changes in the pitch or toe of a speaker's voice
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| monotone | a constant pitch or tone of voice
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| rate | the speed at which a person speaks
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| pause | a momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech
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| vocalized pause | a pause that occurs when a speaker fills the silence between words with vocalizations such as 'uh', 'er', or 'um'
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| vocal variety | changes in a speaker's rate, pitch and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness
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| pronunciation | the accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language
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| articulation | the physical production of particular speech sounds
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| dialect | a variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocabulary
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| kinesics | the study of body motions as a systematic mode of communication
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| gestures | motions of a speaker's hands or arms during a speech
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| eye contact | direct visual contact with the eyes of another person
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| model | an object, usually built to scale, that represents another object in detail
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| graph | a visual aid to show statistical trends and patterns
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| line graph | a graph that uses one or more lines to show changes in statistics over time or space
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| pie graph | a graph that highlights segments of a circle to show simple distribution patterns
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| bar graph | a graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparisons among two or more items
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| chart | a visual aid that summarizes a large block of information, usually in list form
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| transparency | a visual aid drawn, written, or printed on a sheet of clear acetate and shown with an overhead projector
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| multimedia presentation | a speech that combines several kinds of visual and/or audio aids in the same speech
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| font | a complete set of type of the same design
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| informative speech | a speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding
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| object | anything that is visible, tangible, and stable in form
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| process | a systematic series of actions that leads to a specific result or product
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| event | anything that happens or is regarded as happening
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| concept | a belief, theory, idea, notion, principle, or the like
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| description | a statements that depicts a person, event, idea, or the like with clarity and vividness
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| comparison | a statement of the similarities among two or more people, events, ideas, etc.
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| contrast | a statement of the differences among two or more people, events, ideas, etc.
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| personalize | to present one's ideas in human terms that relate in some fashion to the experience of the audience
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Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
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To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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