BJU Cultural Geography 9th grade Chapter 2
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| cataclysm | a violent upheaval or change in the earth's crust, especially a flood. Christians believe that the earth's features were changed by a cataclysm
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| 2Peter 3:5 states this about scoffers who do not believe in the flood. | 2Peter 3:5 states that mankind is "willingly" ignorant of God's intervention in history
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| Was the climate stable after the flood | No. It probably took a long time to stabilize after the flood. eg. ice age
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| uniformitarianism | the belief that the forces that are acting on the earth now are the same forces that have shaped the earth in the past
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| atmosphere | the covering of air that surrounds our planet
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| lithosphere | the solid part of the earth
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| hydrosphere | the water on the earth's surface
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| name the3 layers of the earth | crust, mantle and a core (liquid outer core, solid inner core)
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| All of the earth's surface is divided into 2 types of landmasses | continents and island
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| Landform | variation in landscape
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| mountain range | Many mountains that appear together
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| plains | wide areas of level land
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| alluvium | Nutrient rich soil deposited by rivers
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| plateaus | wide ares of flat land that rise abruptly above surrounding land some times called tablelands because the resemble a tabletop
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| largest ocean | Pacific Ocean
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| Percentage of Earth's fresh water | Less than 3% --- more than 2/3 of which is in polar ice caps, glaciers, or underground
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| tributary | rivers that feed other rivers
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| Longest River | Nile
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| River with largest Discharge | Amazon River
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| River with largest Drainage | Amazon drains a rain forest that is 40% of the continent of So. America
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| Largest system of freshwater lakes | Great Lakes of North America
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| river system | a river and all its tributaries
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| headwaters | another term for the source of a river
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| longest river in U.S. | Mississippi
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| Discharge | The amount of water that flows from a river
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| Drainage basin | The total area from which a river and its tributaries get their water
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| Harbor | Sheltered body of deep water next to the shore
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| Wetlands | areas of stagnant water
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| Bogs | spongy areas of land that look dry but are covered with wet organic materials
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| Marshes | areas of visible standing water with small vegetation that has its roots submerged in the water
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| coniferous forests | Areas with trees, such as pines and firs that can grow in cold harsh subpolar climates
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| deciduous forests | Areas with trees that have brad flat leaves and that require a lot of water and a growing season of at least 4 months
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| deserts | Hot, dry, wastelands
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| permafrost | Soil that remains frozen all year
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| savannas | Tropical grasslands with only a few scattered trees
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| shrub forests | Areas with a mediterranean climate that have dense bushes but are too dry to support many trees
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| steppes | Grasslands in temperate regions where rainfall is between ten and thirty inches a year and soil is fertile but very hard
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| tropical rain forests | Areas in the tropics that support many trees, the leaves and branches of which form a canopy over the forest floor
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| tundras | Cold areas that support only limited vegetation because they receive only light precipitation, mainly snow, which covers the ground most of the year
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| lakes | body of water fully enclosed by land
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| seas | arms of the ocean that are only partially enclosed by land
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| plate tectonics theory | theory that earth's surface in broken into pieces that crash into and pull apart from each other releasing energy
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| faults | deep cracks in the earth's surface where two pieces of land have moved in different directions
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| weathering | breakdown of rocks by water, wind, plant roots, temperature changes, and freezing and thawing.
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| erosion | natural removal of small pieces of rock or soil
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| 3 ways God distributes the earth's thermal energy | seasons, winds and ocean currents
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| Hydrological Cycle | process of evaporation, condensation and precipitation
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| Hydro Cycle - evaporation | liquid water changes to water vapor and rises into the atmosphere
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| Hydro Cycle - Condensation | water vapor changes to liquid or solid water in the clouds
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| Hydro Cycle - Precipitation | the liquid or solid water grows until it becomes too heavy to supported by the air, falling to the earth as rain, sleet, hail or snow and contributes to the supply of groundwater. It flows to streams and rivers which flows to the oceans
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| locate and label following zones on a map | Equator, Tropics, Temperate Zone, Polar Region
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