Based on BIO 150 Chapter 6 Power Point
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| What units are Cells measured in? | micrometers ("nu"m)
one micrometer=1/1,000,000 meter
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| Who invented the First Microscope? | Anton van Leeuwenhoek
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| What is Magnification? | Ratio of the size of the image being seen, to the actual size
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| What is Resolution? | Ability to distinguish fine details
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| Name the Three types of Microscopes that were discussed in class. | Light (most common)
Transmission Electron Microscope
Scanning Electron microscope
(TEM and SEM can see DNA and proteins)
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| What is the term for the top layer after the centrifuge? | The Supernatant
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| What is the term for the bottom most layer after the centrifuge? | The Pellet
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| Name Four Prokaryotic Cell Characteristics. | (1)Bacteria exist as unicellular organisms
(2)Very small(from 2-0.2 micrometers)
(3)Outer:cell membrane,cell wall,most have cilia or flagella and occasionally a capsule
(4)Inner:the DNA region called the nucleoid and ribosomes that make protein
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| Name Five Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics | (1) Protists, fungi, plants and animals
(2) Larger than counterpart
(3) Specialized structures "organelles"
(4) DNA contained by plasma membrane
(5) Cell contained by plasma membrane
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| What is the Nucleus? | Large structure surrounded by double membrane "nuclear envelope"; contains nucleous (the darker region)and chromosomes.
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| What is the Nucleous | Granular body with in the nucleus; consists of RNA and Protein
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| Describe the Chromosomes | Composed of a complex DNA and protein known as "chromatin"; condense during cell division, becoming rod like structures.
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| Name four main structures in the cell Nucleus | Double membrane, Nucleous, Chromosomes, DNA & RNA
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| What is the Plasma Membrane? | Membrane boundary of cell
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| What is the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum? | Network of internal membrane extending through the cytoplasm. Ribosomes stud the outer surface.
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| What is the Function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum? | Synthesizes and modifies proteins; origin of intracellular transport vesicles that carry proteins. Manufacturers many proteins destined for secretion or for incorporation into membranes
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| What is the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum | Network of internal membranes extending through the cytoplasm. Lacks ribosomes on the surface
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| What is the function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum | Synthesizes lipids (Lipid Bio Synthesis), hormones, and carbs; Drug detoxification
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| What are Ribosomes? | Granules composed of RNA and Protein; some attached to ER, some free in cytosol
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| What is the Golgi complex? | Stacks of flattened membrane sacs. closely associated with RER
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| What are Lysosomes? | Membrane sacs (in animals) that contain enzymes to break down ingested materials, secretions, and wastes; helps to protect the animal cell
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| What are Vacuoles? | Membranous Sacs (mostly in plants, fungi, and algae); Stores materials, wastes and water; maintain hydrostatic pressure
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| What are Peroxisomes? | Membranous sacs containing a variety of enzymes; the site of many diverse metabolic reactions
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| What are Mitochondria? | Sacs consisting of two membranes; innner membrane in folded to form 'cristae' and incloses the matrix
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| What are Plastids (eg. chloroplasts) | Double membrane structure enclosing internal thylakoid membranes; chloroplasts contain chlorophyll in thalkaloid membrane.
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| What is the function of Plastids (eg. chlorophyll) | site of photosynthesis; chlorophyll captures light energy; ATP and other energy rich compounds are formed and then used to convert CO2 to Carbohydrate
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| Name three components of the cytoskeleton | (1) microtubules
(2) microfilaments
(3) intermediate filaments
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| What are Microtubules? | Hollow tubes made of subunits of tubulin protein that provide structural support
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| What are Microfilaments | Solid rodlike structures consisting of actin and myosin proteins; provides mechanical support
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| What are Intermediate Filaments? | Tough fibers made out of protein; abundent in cellular stress points; vary greatly in their composition; only present in vertebrate animals
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| What are Centrioles? | pair of hollow Cylinders located near the nucleus; each centriole consists of 9 microtubule triplets (9x3 structure)
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| What do Centrioles do? | Miotic spindle forms between centrioles during animal cell division; may anchor and organize microtubule formation in animal cells; absent in most plants
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| What are Cilia? | Relatively short projections extending from surface cell; covered by plasma membrane; made of two central and nine pairs of peripheral microtubules (9+2 structures)
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| What is the Function of the Cilia? | Movement of some unicellular organisms; used to move materials on the surface of some tissues
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| What are Flagella? | a long projection that extends from surface of cell that allows for locomotion
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| Why don't plants need lysosomes? | Plants have a cellulose composed wall and bacteria can not get through
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| What is the Function of Chromosomes? | Contains genes that govern structure and activity of the cell. Take up stain
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| What structures do Eukaryotic cells have that Prokaryotic cells lack? | Organelles
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| What structures to Prokaryotic cells have that Eukaryotic cells lack? | Capsule
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| What is the Cytoskeleton? | Dense network of proteins that give the cell structure shape and the ability to move. It is contained with in the plasma membrane
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| What is DNA's role in the nucleus? | DNA associates with proteins in the nucleus to form chromatin.
The chromosomes are formed from the chromatin
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| What are nuclear pores? | Holes in the nuclear envelope that allows things in and out but is highly regulated.
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| What is the capsule? | present in a few bacteria. Protects bacteria from our immune system;makes it resistant to WBC; can pass on germs to other bacteria to "turn" them
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| What are fimbria? | Present on some bacteria. Associated with Lime Disease and syphilis; spyrokyte w/this allows for the bacteria potency. You cant get rid of bacteria possessing these.
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| What is the cell wall? | In bacteria, this varies but gives special properties that increase its virulence.
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| What do Antibiotics do? | They disrupt the bacteria cells wall to kill the bacteria
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| What is an inclusion body? | A storage area for starch proteins etc
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| What is a Nucleoid? | The storage area of DNA in prokaryotes
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| What is the cytoplasm? | The fluid portion in side the cell
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| What is the Basal Body? | Where the flagella or cilia, if present attaches to
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| Describe Chloroplasts? | Kidney bean shaped green organelle found in plants and green algae. Contains the pigment chlorophyll. Enclosed by two membranes
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| What are Anchoring Junctions? | This junction exists in epithilial cells.
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| What are Tight Junctions? | Connection that seal off intracellular spaces; prevent toxins from entering the blood; form the blood brain barrier
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| What are gap junctions? | These junctions are important in cellular communication; cardiac myocytes are linked by these to maintain a rythmic heart (beat) contractions
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| What is Plasmodesmata? | Junction found in plant cells; important in cell communication; allows molecules and ions to pass but not organisms; plats can change the size of these cells
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| What is the Function of the Nucleus? | Information in DNA is transcribed by RNA synthesis; specifies cell proteins.
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| What is the Function of the Nucleous | Site of Ribosomal RNA synthesis; Ribosome subunit assembly
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| What is the Function of the Plasma Membrane? | Encloses cell contents; regulates movement of materials in and out of cells; helps maintain cell shape; communicates with other cells
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| What is the Function of Ribosomes? | Synthesizes polypeptides in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
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| What is the Function of the Golgi Complex? | Modifies proteins; packages secreted proteins; sorts other proteins to vacuoles and other organelles
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| What happens in the Mitochondria? | Site of most reactions of cellular respiration; transformation of energy originating from glucose or lipids into ATP energy
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| What role do Microtubules play? | They have role in cell and organelle movement and division; components of cilia, flagella, centrioles,and basal bodies
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| What is the Function of Microfilaments? | Provide structural support; okay role in cell and organelle movement and cell division; create microvilli; responsible for cellular and muscle contraction
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| What do Intermediate filaments do? | help strengthen cytoskeleton; stabilize cell shape
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| What is the function of Flagella? | Cell locomotion by sperm and some unicellular eukaryotes
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| Why are cells so small? | Makes it easier to maintain homeostasis, Overcomes surface area and transport issues, size and shape sometimes relates to function
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| What is the Cell Theory? | Cells are alive, Cells come from other cells, Provides a commonality among all living things
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