Psychopharmacology terms and info for first exam
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
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on it to display the answer.
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| show | the transport of solid matter or liquid into a cell by means of coated vacuole or vesicle
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| exocytosis | show 🗑
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| diazepam | show 🗑
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| show | transmitter or ligand gated ion channels
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| show | antagonist at gaba They can be used to reverse the actions of an agonist or inverse agonist. Can be used to treat overdose of diazepam,
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| depolarize | show 🗑
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| show | inhibitory signals in the post synaptic cell cause the membrane to hyperpolarize whereby positive charge flows out of the cell or negative charges flow into the cell Hyperpolarized is going away from zero
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| quantum | show 🗑
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| show | The key structure across which information is transferred via the use of chemical neurotransmitters in the synapse
Can be electrical or chemical
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| show | How well the drug gets into the brain and to its site of action. The extent to which a medication is used by the brain. The bioavailability of a drug determines how much of a drug thats administered actually reaches its target
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| Inverse Agonist | show 🗑
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| Antipsychotic Drugs | show 🗑
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| show | Partial agonist at opiod receptors
Low does produce an analgesic and rewarding effect. Higher doses fail to yield a stronger effect.
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| show | any of the various organic compound normally with basic chemical property and usually containing at least one nitrogen atom Some include Nicotine, cocaine and morpheine
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| show | has the same effect as the neurotransmitter. Binds to the receptor and mimics the neurotransmitter action
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| show | a molecule ie: an antibody, hormone or drug that binds to a receptor
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| furosemide | show 🗑
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| show | pertaining to regulation of the rate of an enzymatic process
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| show | the branch of pharmacology concerned with the way drugs are taken into, move around and are eliminated from the body
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| show | an inactive substance that is converted to a drug within the body by the action of enzymes or other chemicals
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| show | Drugs that influence behavior, affect mood activity or perception as a mood altering drug.
Brand Names: Thorazine, Clorazil, Lamictal, Asimia, Celexa
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| Monoamine | show 🗑
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| reserpine | show 🗑
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| quetiapine | show 🗑
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| show | The biological effect exerted by the binding
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| Potency | show 🗑
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| show | When a drug or chemical is absorbed through the skin.
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| saturability | show 🗑
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| selectivity | show 🗑
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| Hydrophillic | show 🗑
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| Hydrophobic | show 🗑
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| show | stops neurotransport
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| show | cell body
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| Dendrite | show 🗑
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| endoplasmic reticulum | show 🗑
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| show | an organelle in the cytoplasm of cells that functions in energy production
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| dendrite | show 🗑
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| show | a membranous complex of vesicles, vacuoles, and flattened sacs in the cytoplasm of most cells: involved in intracellular secretion and transport
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| tetrodotoxin | show 🗑
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| show | ion channel abnormalities that are responsible for many human diseases
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| show | an anti convulsant used in a wide variety of seizures. Has effects on ion channels, active transport and general membrane stabilization. Adverse effect and interactions with other drugs.
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| carbamazepine | show 🗑
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| show | a local anasthetic and cardiac depressant. Block Na+ (sodium)channels and prevent the conduction of nerve impulses that signal the occurrence of tissue damage and therefore pain.
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| show | A neuron will depolarize from -70mV to 50mV once a neuron undergoes significant depolarization it generates an action potential. An AP is an all or none depolarization or repolarization of the membrane potential releasing neurotransmitters to other cells
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| lipid bilayer | show 🗑
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| ATP Pump | show 🗑
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| ouabain | show 🗑
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| show | inhibitor of the Na+ pump. Can slowly reduce the resting potential of neurons to zero
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| deactivation | show 🗑
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| norepinephrine | show 🗑
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| show | a sodium ion
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| show | a potassium ion
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| ataxia | show 🗑
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| acetylcholine | show 🗑
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| show | L-type channel blockers
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| L-Type Channel Blockers | show 🗑
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| dihydropyridines | show 🗑
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| show | The L-type calcium channel is a type of voltage-dependent calcium channel. "L" stands for long-lasting referring to the length of activation. Targets for antianginal and antihypertensive drugs.
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| show | small gaps in the myelin sheath of medullated axons
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| show | Synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitter only at the active zone of a nerve terminal. Vesicles must be specifically targeted to this region through a process called docking
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| ligand bonding | show 🗑
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| show | A large protein family of transmembrane receptors that sense molecules outside the cell and activate inside signal transduction pathways
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| Receptor Potential | show 🗑
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| Graded Potential | show 🗑
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| Passive diffusion | show 🗑
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| Saltatory Conduction | show 🗑
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| Summation | show 🗑
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| show | Temporal summation is an effect generated by a single neuron as a way of achieving action potential.
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| Synaptic Cleft | show 🗑
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| Docking | show 🗑
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| Priming | show 🗑
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| show | The third step in teh exocytotic cycle The release of neurotransmitter triggered by the influx of Ca2 through voltage gated channels in the plasma membrane
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| The 5 steps of Endocytosis | show 🗑
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| Psychopharmacology | show 🗑
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| neuropharmacology | show 🗑
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| Clonidine | show 🗑
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| show | Large, small, alpha, beta, group1 and group2
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| show | dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin and histamine
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| show | in the mid brain within the substantia nigra
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| what does norepinephrine do? | show 🗑
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| show | within the medulla and pons -the locus ceruleus provides all of the norepinephrine to the cerebral cortex
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| show | they either depolarize (excite) or Hyperpolarize (inhibit) the post synaptic membrane.
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| What are the two forms of synaptic transmission? | show 🗑
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| What are the chemical groupings for the neurotransmitters? | show 🗑
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| What are some amino acid transmitters? | show 🗑
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| show | dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin and acetylcholine are all monoamine transmitters
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| What are peptide transmitters | show 🗑
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| what is enkephalin? | show 🗑
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| show | 1)Docking, 2)Priming, 3)Fusion, 4)endocytosis, and 5)recycling
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| show | binding to the plasma membrane
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| what is priming? | show 🗑
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| show | release of neurotransmitter
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| what is endocytosis? | show 🗑
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| show | the reuse of the vesicle membrane
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| show | they are located on the vesicle as plasma membrane and function to target and bind the vesicle to the membrane for exocytosis
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| show | two forms of the same drug that are mirror images of one another
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| What is clonidine | show 🗑
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| What is a dose response curve | show 🗑
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| show | a technique in which computer modeling allows the analysis of large numbers of chemicals as to their abilities to bind to proteins.
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| show | the site of protein synthesis and neurotransmitter synthesis in some systems.
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| What is the axon | show 🗑
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| What is the cytoskeleton | show 🗑
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| what are microtubules | show 🗑
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| show | actin filaments form an underlying structure over the whole surface of the neuron and are "contractile" involved in transport. They are also highly concentrated in dendritic spines suggesting that they have something to do with synaptic contact.
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| show | colchicine disrupts microtubule function and can be used to study the role of microtubules.
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| show | cytochalasin disrupts actin filaments and can be used to study their role in cellular function.
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| show | Glutamate is made in cells in the brain and does not cross the blood brain barrier. It increases the neural activity of almost every cell in the brain. There are glutamate receptors on nearly every cell in the brain.
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| show | After glutamate is released its taken up by glial cells where it is converted to glutamine.Glutamine is released from the glial cells and taken up by neurons through a transporter molecule we don't know very well.
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| What are the two glutamate reuptake transporters? | show 🗑
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| show | glutamate receptors
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| what happens with high levels of glutamate? | show 🗑
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| what are two classes of receptors? | show 🗑
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| what do the excitatory amino acids do? | show 🗑
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| show | glutamate
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| which of the nerotransmitters doesn't cross the brain barrier so is therefore in the brain? | show 🗑
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| what happens in the excitatory amino acids reuptake process | show 🗑
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| show | Because it actually stimulates the neuron to death.
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| show | everything in the neurons and cells would be dead
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| show | their membrane breaks and spills the toxic glutamate which causes a wave of cell death in the brain-then there is a second wave of cell death and this is much more dangerous.Once the glial cell spills the glutamate you are in big trouble.
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| show | Kainate (Kainic Acid) even really small amounts will kill neurons, this will destroy all the cells and leave the fibrous tubes NMDA (N-methyl-d-aspartate) there are three types and AMPA
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| what are glutamate and aspartate? | show 🗑
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| show | because it requires the simultaneous binding of two different agonists (glutamate and glycine) Neither of these agonists alone can open the ion channel
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| what are some of the drugs that bind at the ionotropic , NMDA glutamate receptors? | show 🗑
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| psychotomimetic | show 🗑
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| what is one of the most important consequences of NMDA receptor activation? | show 🗑
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| which drugs bind to the metabotropic site? | show 🗑
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| what is synaptic plasticity? | show 🗑
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| show | Glutamate (Glu)
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| show | GABA
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| show | increases dopamine in the neurotransmitter
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| show | Dopamine DA (affects the Motor systems) Norepinephrine NE (affects the sensory systems) Serotonin 5HT (Affects emotion systems) Acetylcholine Ach (Affects neuromuscular system)
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| show | Glutamate Glu (excitatory molecule) GABA (inhibitory molecule)There are actually a lot more excitatory molecules in the brain.
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| show | Adenoside (ADD)(Inhibitory Molecule) There are a lot of these in the cortex. Caffeine comes in and blocks the inhibitory
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| show | Antagonist
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| show | Agonist
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| show | Up regulation of the receptors will increase the levels on one side but it won't equalize on the other side. Because its binding to the receptors- Down regulation has to occur and it may take several days which is what we call withdrawal.
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| show | neurotransmitters being released in waves or packets where the vesicles are clustered. Caused by electrical stimulation
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| show | El dopa is the precursor to the neurotransmitters dopamine, epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine. A psychoactive drug synthesized from the amino acid L-tyrosine El Dopa crosses the blood brain barrier- used to increase dopamine concentrations.
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| What are the catecholamines? | show 🗑
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| what are microtubules? | show 🗑
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| show | actin filaments form an underlying structure over the whole surface of the neuron and are contractile They are also highly concentrated in dendritic spines suggesting they have something to do with synaptic contract.
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| show | Colchicine and Colchicine D can be used to study the role of microtubules
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| show | The cytoskeleton functions to transport proteins made in the cell bodyto axonal and dendritic processes.
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| show | binding is usually reversible,
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| what breaks during Alzheimers Dementia? | show 🗑
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| how do you get a neurotransmitter into a cell | show 🗑
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| what are the names of the synapses? | show 🗑
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| what are axo axonal synapses? | show 🗑
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| what are some dendodendritic synapses? | show 🗑
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| what happens when the neuron fires? | show 🗑
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| what is the terminal ending called | show 🗑
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| show | they help neurons process information biochemically
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| what are the names of the glial cells? | show 🗑
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| what is the blood brain barrier | show 🗑
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| what does amphetamine do to the brain | show 🗑
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| how does methamphetamine get into the brain? | show 🗑
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| what happens to steroids in the brain? | show 🗑
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| show | you won't get any neurotransmitter
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| what happens to the membrane of the vesicle? | show 🗑
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| what happens to steroids in the brain? | show 🗑
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| What happens if you block or deplete the calcium channel | show 🗑
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| what happens to the membrane of the vesicle? | show 🗑
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| show | a study where cells are frozen with liquid nitrogen and then fractured or broken through the synaptic gap and the ice is removed and and you can look at the structure of the vesicle with a microscope.
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| show | snap proteins attract one another, they are membrane bound proteins. There are two kinds of proteins they are snap and snare proteins.
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| what are receptors? | show 🗑
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| show | they mediate vesicle fusion in exocytosis
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| what are snare proteins? | show 🗑
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| show | they mediate vesicle fusion in exocytosis
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| What binds on the GABA receptor? | show 🗑
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| show | the alpha subunit releases GDP, then GTP binds to the alpha subunit
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| what happens when a drug is polysynaptic? | show 🗑
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| what is retrograde transport? | show 🗑
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| show | an agonist will mimic the action of the neurotransmitter and hyperpolarize the cell.
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| show | It has the opposite effect of the neurotransmitter and depolarizes the cell.
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| show | The neurotransmitter begins with proteins that you take in with your diet which are synthesized into neurotransporters which are transported into vesicle packages and then released and deactivated and the cycle starts over again.
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| show | by increasing El dopa
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| what is anterograde transport? | show 🗑
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| show | a drug that breaks up vesicles. Amphetamine causes a depletion of dopamine and epinephrine, once a depletion of dopamine and epinephrine occur the neurotransmitter won't fire.
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| What mechanism in the brain stops the action of a drug? | show 🗑
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| show | a poison derived from plants that used to be used on the ends of arrows to kill
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| what does nicotine do in the brain? | show 🗑
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| show | It pours Ach over the synapse and it kills almost instantly
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| If a drug is a precursor what does it do? | show 🗑
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| show | its an agonist
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| what is a drug that breaks up the vesicle? | show 🗑
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| show | its an antagonist
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| what is a drug that helps release? | show 🗑
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| show | its an antagonist
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| what are g proteins? | show 🗑
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| show | The four means of signal transduction in the brain are 1) neurotransmitter binding-binds to an ion channel (ionotropic), 2)neurotransmitter activation of a g protein and coupled ion channel 3)Neurotrophic factors activate a biochemical cascade 4)Steroids
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| what is a kinase | show 🗑
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| what is the process of the g-proteins second messenger? | show 🗑
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| show | 1)cyclic nucleotides 2)adenylil cyclase 3) guanylil cyclase 4)phosphodiesterases (these degrade the cyclic)5)Calcium 6)Phospholipase C 7)Aracidonic Acid Metabolites
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| what does aspirin do in the brain? | show 🗑
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| What is nociception? | show 🗑
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| show | Opiates affect pain processing and there is a long list of them. Morphine. Codeine and Oxycodone(Percolone) are low potency mu agonists both can be combined with acetominophen (Percocet) Hydromorphone HCL (Dilaudid) and fentanyl(sublimaze)
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| show | Ibuprophen, aspirin, indomethacin (Indocin)These drugs block prostaglandin synthesis by blocking the enzyme cyclooxygenase. There are two kinds of cyclooxygenase COX1 COX2
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| show | Takes a high energy molecule and phosphorylates it down into a low energy molecule and thats where the energy comes from. The regulation occurs by protein kinase. The kinases remove the phospate groups Protein Kinase A
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| what is rofecoxib? | show 🗑
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| show | Celecoxib is (Celebrex) A type of drug that selectively blocks the enzyme cox-2 (cyclooxygenase-2). Blocking this enzyme impedes the production of the chemical messengers called prostaglandins that cause the pain and swelling of arthritis inflammation
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| what is the drug called sumatriptan? | show 🗑
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| show | Hydromorphone is (Dilaudid)(hydromorphone hydrochloride), a hydrogenated ketone of morphine, is an opioid analgesic. A high potency agonist Usually used for treating the pain of terminally ill patients
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| show | Fentanyl is (Sublimaze) a high potency agonist Used for treating pain Frequently Usually used for treating the pain of terminal patients
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| show | zolmitriptan is (Zomig) a drug used to treat migraines This is a 5HT receptor agonist
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| how do opiates work in the brain? | show 🗑
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| show | pentazocine (Talwin) usually used to treat pain with pregnant women because it reduces the danger of depressing respiration in the baby These drugs bind to kappa receptors
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| show | alcoholism ethanol binds to GABA, sleep disorders GABA is responsible for half the problems you could think of. Epilepsy, Huntingtons
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| what are the benzodiazepines? | show 🗑
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| what is Vigabatrin | show 🗑
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| show | causes GABA to release which greatly increases inhibition. when its released its terminated by reuptake.
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| what is hydroxynipecotic acid? | show 🗑
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| what kind of drugs work well with GABA | show 🗑
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| what is bicuculline? | show 🗑
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| show | this is the ultimate party drug it blocks all of the GABA and everything that binds to it. Its basically a sober up pill and it works
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| show | increases stress and adds more dopa and more norepinephrine in the brain. Think caffeine, nicotine and morpheine
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| show | drugs that affect locus ceruleus activity are opium, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamine and benzodiazepaines
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| show | an adrenergenic antagonist active in the norepinephrine pathways and the locus ceruleus
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| where are the pathways for dopamine? | show 🗑
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| show | cocaine is a dopamine transport blocker in the brain DAT
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| where is serotonin built in the brain? | show 🗑
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| show | fenflouramine is an amphetamine molecule that causes long term damage because it breaks up vesicles so it can't be released.
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| show | MDMA is ecstacy it binds to the serotonin transporters and to the receptor as well, ecstasy has been used in therapy and is conducive to the helping the patient to speak more freely
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| what do all the receptors for DA and NE belong to | show 🗑
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| show | one of the transporters for serotonin
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| what is reserpine? | show 🗑
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| show | Fluoxetine (Prozac) it blocks sert
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| What are some partial agonists? | show 🗑
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| show | the 2 receptors for acetylcholine are muscarinic and nicotinic
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| show | The muscarinic agonists are atropine and scopalomine
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| where is nicotine an agonist? | show 🗑
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| show | The three receptors for histamine are all g-proteins and they do not cross the blood brain barrier
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| show | rate limiting is the enzyme that the drug works on
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| show | choline is not degraded it is excreted if the level of choline goes down in your diet you will die
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