ecology
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| ecology - | study of interactions of organism with other organisms and with the physical environment
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| habitat - | place where an organ lives
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| population - | organisms within an area belonging to the same species
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| community - | consists of all the various populations interacting at a location
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| ecosystem - | contains a community of populations and also, the abiotic environment
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| biosphere - | zones of the earth's soil, water, and air where living organisms are found
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| modern ecology describes and ________ | predicts distribution of an abundance of organisms
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| population density - | number of individuals per unit area or volume.
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| population distribution - | pattern of dispersal of individuals within the area of interest
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| limiting factors - | factors that determine whether an organism can live in an area
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| population size - | number of individuals contributing to the gene pool.
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| intrinsic rate of natural increase - | allows us to calculate the growth and size of a population (births/deaths; immigration/emigratoin)
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| discrete breeding - | they only have one reproductive event in their life (insects / annual plants)
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| continuous breeding - | their entire lifes, they continue to invest energy in reproducing again (vertebrates, bushes, trees)
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| exponential growth - | when reproduction accelerates
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| biotic potential - | the maximum population growth that can possibly occur under ideal circumstances
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| environmental resistance - | environmental conditions that prevent populations from achieving biotic potential (no food, predators)
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| logistic growth - | growth when considering environmental resistance
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| carrying capacity of an environment is _________ | maximum number of individuals of a given species the environment can support
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| cohort - | all the members of a population born at the same time
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| survivorship - | the probability of newborns of a cohort surviving to a particular age
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| a population contains 3 major age groups: ________,_______, and ______. | prereproductive, reproductive, postreproductive
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| density independent factors - | abiotic factors such as weather and natural disasters (# of organisms present does not influence the effect of the factor)
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| density dependent factors - | biotic factor such as parasitism, competition, predation.
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| r strategy - | produce large numbers of offspring when young (many offspring, little parental care)
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| k strategy - | produce few offspring, and lots of parental care
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| equilibrium species - | (the k strategy)
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| opportunistic species - | (the r strategy)
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| doubling time - | length of time it takes for population size to double (approx 53 years for humans)
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| more developed countries (mdc's) | North America and Europe, population growth low, good life
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| less developed countries (ldc's) | latin america, africa, asia; population grows rapidly, poverty
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| demographic transition - | decreased death rate followed by decreased birthrate
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| ways to reduce expected increase in population - | 1. family planning programs (birth control) 2. educate to reduce desire for large families 3. delay onset of childbearing (early babies)
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| zero population growth - | no increase in population size.
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| replacement reproduction - | having 2 babies to replace the parents (will still increase population due to longer lives)
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| environmental impact (e.i.) | (population size) x (resource consumption per capita) = pollution per unit of resource Used
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| community - | an assemblage of populations interacting with one another within the same environment.
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| the composition of a community is... | simply a listing of the various species in the community
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| diversity of a community includes... | both A. species richness (# of species) and B. species evenness (the relative abundance of individuals of different species)
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| individualistic model - | suggests that each population in a community is there because its own particular abiotic requirements are met by a particular habitat.
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| interactive model - | communities are the highest level of organization (cell -> tissue -> organ -> organism -> population -> community
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| modern ecologists support individualistic or interactive model? | individualistic
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| community composition is composed of... | abiotic gradients( climate,inorganic nutrients) biotic interactions (organic food source)
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