Pharmocology aspects of PT
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| Define Bioavailability | The percentage of medication that reaches systemic circulation
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| Lists ways to absorb drug | Oral, Sublingual, Inhalation, Intramuscular, Subcutaneus, Intravenous, Transdermal (topical)
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| Bio-factors that effect drug distribution within body | Blood flow, plasma protein binding, Blood Brain Barrier, Fat/muscle/other sites accumulation
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| Define Elimination | Predicted rate of clearance of drug from body; the volume of drug that is cleared of a drug per unit time
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| Define Half-life | The amount of time it takes plasma concentration to drop by 50%
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| Define Agonists | endogenous substances, such as neurotransmitters or hormones, that bind with appropriate receptors to produce some effect
(Have affinity & efficacy for site)
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| Define Antagonists | Substances or drugs that fit into and bind with receptor sites to block the receptor & allow it not to become active
(Have affinity for site but No efficacy)
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| Side-effects of Aspirin | Gastrointestinal upset, nausea, gastritis
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| Mechanism of Aspirin effects | Inhibits COX-cyclooxygenase enzyme & thus inhibits prostaglandin synthesis
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| Mechanism of NSAID action | Non-selective COX-cyclooxygenase inhibitor; inhibits COX1 and COX 2 enzymes
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| Side-effects of NSAID | Fluid retention, edema, some GI irritation
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| Glucocorticosteroids Mechanism of action | Inhibit several parts of the inflammatory process including capillary dilation, edema formation, migration of leukocytes & macrophages to affected area
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| Side-effects & Adverse Effects of Glucoccorticosteroids | Adrenal insufficiency, Immunosuppression, depression, anxiety, euphoria, "mood swings", Cushingoid state, fluid retention, hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, myopathy, GI disturbances
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| Give an example of Anti-Rheumatic Drugs | Methotrexate, Embrel-(anti-cytokine)
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| What disease is TNF or Anti-human tumor necrosis factor alpha directly involved with? | Rheumatoid Arthritis
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| Where does Diazepam act? | Acts centrally in supraspinal centers & spinal interneurons
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| Where does Zanaflex act? | Acts in spinal cord as adrenergic agent.
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| Where does Orphenadrine (Norflex) act? | Acts at the level of brainstem or spinal cord
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| Where does Baclofen act? | Acts to inhibit release of neurotransmitters in brain & spinal cord, especially substance P.
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| Where does Dantrolene (Dantrium) act? | Acts locally on muscle fibers to block release of calcium
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| Name some Muscle Relaxers | Diazepam, Zanaflex, Orphenadrine, Baclofen, Dantrium
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| Name some Opiod Narcohttp://www.studystack.com/EditData2.jsp?saved&studyStackId=448428tics | Morphine, Codeine, Hydrocodone (Vicodin), Oxycodone (Percocet), Demerol, Dilaudid
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| Name some Non-opiod Narcotics | Acetometaphine (Tylenol)
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| List the Types Anti-hypertensive Medications | Diuretics, Beta-adrenergic Blockers, Calcium channel blockers, Apha-adrenergic Blockers
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| What is the ultimate (desired) result of taking a Diuretic? | Decreased vascular resistance
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| What are the side-effects of Diuretic medication? | Hyperglycemia (esp with Diabetes), Hypokalemia, Hyperuricemia (too much uric acid=gout), increase in LDL levels, Hypercalcemia
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| What are the side-effects with Loop Diuretics? | Hypokalemia,Hypocalcemia, Hyperglycemia, Hyperuricemia
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| When should Beta-Blockers be avoided? | With certain kinds of agina, all forms of COPD, & Diabetes Mellitus
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| A patient has taken three Nitroglycerin tablets without relief. The next step for the therapist is to... | Immediately call EMS as the patient may be having a MI
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| Mechanism of ACE inhibitor action | Inhibits conversion of angiotensin I & II thus inhibiting vascular smooth muscle
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| Which medication is usually the first step in managing Left ventricular failure? | ACE Inhibitors
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| List examples of Anti-coagulants | Warfarin, Coumadin, Heparin
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| Why should aspirin not be used after acute athletic injury or trauma? | It prolongs clotting
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| Anti-coagulants are used to treat? | DVT and acute MI
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| Anti-Cholinergic drugs are used to treat which cardiac problems? | Heart Block & Bradycardia
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| Beta-Blockers are used to treat which problems? | HTN & also allow for increased exercise tolerance
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| Calcium channel blockers are used to treat which problems? | Atherosclerosis, Arrhythmias, Chest Pain
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| Digoxin is used to treat which problems? | CHF & HTN
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| Nitroglycerin is used to treat? | Angina
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| Diuretics are used to treat which problems? | CHF & HTN
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| Side-effects of Digoxin include... | Nausea, Vomiting, Pulse Irregularities, potential for toxicity
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| Side-effects of calcium-channel blockers include? | Ischemic response due to reduced blood flow to heart muscle
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| Side-effects of Opiod Narcotics? | Mental status changes, nausea & vomiting, postural hypotension
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| Common Medication types used to treat Hypertension. | Diuretics, Beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers
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| Common Medication types used to treat Heart Failure. | Ace-inhibitors, Digoxin, Vasodilators
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