BIO 10 - REPRODUCTIO
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| Somatic cells | All cells that aren't sex cells, diploid (2n) two sets of chromosomes
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| Sex cells | Sperm and egg cells, haploid (n), one set of chromosomes
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| Importance of gametes | Gametes allow genetic material to mix during fertilization, producing genetically unique offspring.
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| Haploid(n) | One set of chromosomes-- found in gametes, 23 in humans
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| Diploid (2n) | Two set of chromosomes -- found in somatic cells, 46 in humans
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| Why do haploids have half genetic material as the original amount | this happens in order to ensure that after fertilization the zygote will have the correct amount of genetic information.
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| Chromatin | Loose, uncoiled DNA. Found in the nucleus when the cell is not dividing.
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| Chromosome | Loose, uncoiled DNA. Found in the nucleus when the cell is not dividing.
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| Sister chromatids | : Two identical copies of a chromosome, attached at the centromere, created during S phase.
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| Interphase (PHASE CELL CYCLE) | Cell grows, performs regular functions, and prepares for division (90% of the cell’s life)
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| M phase (PHASE CELL CYCLE) | Division of the nucleus (mitosis) and the cytoplasm (cytokinesis).
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| G1 (SUBPHASES INTERPHASE) | Cell grows, produces organelles and proteins.
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| S (synthesis) (SUBPHASES INTERPHASE) | DNA is duplicated
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| G2 (SUBPHASES INTERPHASE) | Cell continues to grow and checks for errors in the DNA.
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| Analogy for subphases of the cell cycle | G1 is like stocking up your pantry, S is photocopying recipes (DNA), and G2 is double-checking your grocery list
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| Prophase (MITOSIS) | Chromatin condenses into chromosomes
Nuclear membrane disapears
Spindle fibers form
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| Metaphase (MITOSIS) | Chromosomes align at the cell's equator
Spindle fibers attach to centromeres
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| Anaphase (MITOSIS) | Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles
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| Telophase (MITOSIS) | Two new nuclei form
Chromosomes uncoil back into chromatin
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| Cytokinesis (MITOSIS) | Cytoplasm divides
Two identical daughter cells are formed
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| Importance of mitosis | Growth of tissues and organs
Repairing damaged cells
Replacing old cells
Two identical daughter cells
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| Cancer | Caused by a breakdown in cell cycle regulation.
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| Checkpoints (Uncontrolled cell growth) | Special points (G1, G2, M) where the cell checks DNA and other conditions before continuing.
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| Analogy (Uncontrolled cell growth) | Like traffic lights ensuring cars (cells) stop or go safely. Ignoring the red light = disaster!
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| Fertilization | When sperm and egg fuse
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| Zygote | The first cell of a new organism (diploid)
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| Importance of genetic variation | Caused by:
Combining DNA from two parents
Random fertilization
Ensures population diversity and resilience
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| Analogy of genetic variation | Like mixing two decks of cards — endless combinations!
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