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BIO 10 - REPRODUCTIO

TermDefinition
Somatic cells All cells that aren't sex cells, diploid (2n) two sets of chromosomes
Sex cells Sperm and egg cells, haploid (n), one set of chromosomes
Importance of gametes Gametes allow genetic material to mix during fertilization, producing genetically unique offspring.
Haploid(n) One set of chromosomes-- found in gametes, 23 in humans
Diploid (2n) Two set of chromosomes -- found in somatic cells, 46 in humans
Why do haploids have half genetic material as the original amount this happens in order to ensure that after fertilization the zygote will have the correct amount of genetic information.
Chromatin Loose, uncoiled DNA. Found in the nucleus when the cell is not dividing.
Chromosome Loose, uncoiled DNA. Found in the nucleus when the cell is not dividing.
Sister chromatids : Two identical copies of a chromosome, attached at the centromere, created during S phase.
Interphase (PHASE CELL CYCLE) Cell grows, performs regular functions, and prepares for division (90% of the cell’s life)
M phase (PHASE CELL CYCLE) Division of the nucleus (mitosis) and the cytoplasm (cytokinesis).
G1 (SUBPHASES INTERPHASE) Cell grows, produces organelles and proteins.
S (synthesis) (SUBPHASES INTERPHASE) DNA is duplicated
G2 (SUBPHASES INTERPHASE) Cell continues to grow and checks for errors in the DNA.
Analogy for subphases of the cell cycle G1 is like stocking up your pantry, S is photocopying recipes (DNA), and G2 is double-checking your grocery list
Prophase (MITOSIS) Chromatin condenses into chromosomes Nuclear membrane disapears Spindle fibers form
Metaphase (MITOSIS) Chromosomes align at the cell's equator Spindle fibers attach to centromeres
Anaphase (MITOSIS) Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles
Telophase (MITOSIS) Two new nuclei form Chromosomes uncoil back into chromatin
Cytokinesis (MITOSIS) Cytoplasm divides Two identical daughter cells are formed
Importance of mitosis Growth of tissues and organs Repairing damaged cells Replacing old cells Two identical daughter cells
Cancer Caused by a breakdown in cell cycle regulation.
Checkpoints (Uncontrolled cell growth) Special points (G1, G2, M) where the cell checks DNA and other conditions before continuing.
Analogy (Uncontrolled cell growth) Like traffic lights ensuring cars (cells) stop or go safely. Ignoring the red light = disaster!
Fertilization When sperm and egg fuse
Zygote The first cell of a new organism (diploid)
Importance of genetic variation Caused by: Combining DNA from two parents Random fertilization Ensures population diversity and resilience
Analogy of genetic variation Like mixing two decks of cards — endless combinations!
Created by: Alegria_Corral
 

 



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