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BIO 10 - REPRODUCTIO
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Somatic cells | All cells that aren't sex cells, diploid (2n) two sets of chromosomes |
| Sex cells | Sperm and egg cells, haploid (n), one set of chromosomes |
| Importance of gametes | Gametes allow genetic material to mix during fertilization, producing genetically unique offspring. |
| Haploid(n) | One set of chromosomes-- found in gametes, 23 in humans |
| Diploid (2n) | Two set of chromosomes -- found in somatic cells, 46 in humans |
| Why do haploids have half genetic material as the original amount | this happens in order to ensure that after fertilization the zygote will have the correct amount of genetic information. |
| Chromatin | Loose, uncoiled DNA. Found in the nucleus when the cell is not dividing. |
| Chromosome | Loose, uncoiled DNA. Found in the nucleus when the cell is not dividing. |
| Sister chromatids | : Two identical copies of a chromosome, attached at the centromere, created during S phase. |
| Interphase (PHASE CELL CYCLE) | Cell grows, performs regular functions, and prepares for division (90% of the cell’s life) |
| M phase (PHASE CELL CYCLE) | Division of the nucleus (mitosis) and the cytoplasm (cytokinesis). |
| G1 (SUBPHASES INTERPHASE) | Cell grows, produces organelles and proteins. |
| S (synthesis) (SUBPHASES INTERPHASE) | DNA is duplicated |
| G2 (SUBPHASES INTERPHASE) | Cell continues to grow and checks for errors in the DNA. |
| Analogy for subphases of the cell cycle | G1 is like stocking up your pantry, S is photocopying recipes (DNA), and G2 is double-checking your grocery list |
| Prophase (MITOSIS) | Chromatin condenses into chromosomes Nuclear membrane disapears Spindle fibers form |
| Metaphase (MITOSIS) | Chromosomes align at the cell's equator Spindle fibers attach to centromeres |
| Anaphase (MITOSIS) | Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles |
| Telophase (MITOSIS) | Two new nuclei form Chromosomes uncoil back into chromatin |
| Cytokinesis (MITOSIS) | Cytoplasm divides Two identical daughter cells are formed |
| Importance of mitosis | Growth of tissues and organs Repairing damaged cells Replacing old cells Two identical daughter cells |
| Cancer | Caused by a breakdown in cell cycle regulation. |
| Checkpoints (Uncontrolled cell growth) | Special points (G1, G2, M) where the cell checks DNA and other conditions before continuing. |
| Analogy (Uncontrolled cell growth) | Like traffic lights ensuring cars (cells) stop or go safely. Ignoring the red light = disaster! |
| Fertilization | When sperm and egg fuse |
| Zygote | The first cell of a new organism (diploid) |
| Importance of genetic variation | Caused by: Combining DNA from two parents Random fertilization Ensures population diversity and resilience |
| Analogy of genetic variation | Like mixing two decks of cards — endless combinations! |
Created by:
Alegria_Corral