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flashcards for Physical Geography (Chapters 1–3)

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Term
Definition
Absolute Location   The exact position of a place on Earth using latitude and longitude.  
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Biomes   Large regions of the Earth with similar climates, plants, and animals (e.g., deserts, forests, tundras).  
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Climate   The long-term pattern of weather in a particular area, including temperature, precipitation, and wind.  
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El Niño   A periodic warming of the Pacific Ocean that affects global weather patterns, often causing heavy rains or droughts.  
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Elevation   The height of a landform above sea level.  
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Equator   An imaginary line circling Earth at 0° latitude, dividing it into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.  
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Formal Region   A region defined by a common characteristic, such as a political boundary or a shared climate (e.g., Texas, the Sahara Desert).  
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Functional Region   A region centered around a hub or focal point connected by movement or function (e.g., a subway system, a city and its suburbs).  
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Perceptual Region   A region defined by people’s feelings and attitudes rather than objective data (e.g., "the South" or "the Midwest").  
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Leeward   The side of a mountain facing away from the wind; usually dry due to lack of moisture.  
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Orographic Effect   The change in atmospheric conditions caused by a mountain, leading to precipitation on the windward side and dryness on the leeward side.  
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Place   A specific point on Earth distinguished by its physical and human characteristics.  
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Rainshadow   A dry area on the leeward side of a mountain caused by the orographic effect blocking rain.  
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Region   An area with one or more common features that make it different from surrounding areas.  
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Relative Location   The position of a place in relation to other places (e.g., “north of Houston”).  
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Weather   The short-term atmospheric conditions in an area, including temperature, precipitation, and wind.  
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Windward   The side of a mountain facing the wind; receives more precipitation due to moist air rising and cooling.  
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La Niña   A climate pattern with cooler Pacific waters that brings dry weather to some areas and heavy rain to others.  
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Great Circle Route   an imaginary line that follows the curve of the earth and represents the shortest distance between two points  
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Map projection   a formula used to represent the curved surface of the Earth on the flat surface of a map  
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Planar projection   a map created by projecting an image of the Earth onto a geometric plane  
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Cylindrical projection   a map created by projecting Earth's image onto a cylinder  
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Conic projection   a map created by projecting an image of the Earth onto a cone placed over part of an Earth model  
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Thematic map   map that emphasizes a single idea or a particular kind of information about an area  
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