Bio #14
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| Biotechnology | refers to the use of living organisms, cells, or biological
systems to create products or solve problems. It involves the manipulation of
biological molecules, typically DNA, for various applications
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| Recombinant DNA Technology | The process of combining DNA from different sources to create new genetic combination
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| Genetic Engineering | The deliberate modification of an organism's genome
using biotechnology techniques
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| PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) | A technique used to amplify small
segments of DNA
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| DNA Cloning and Recombinant DNA : Recombinant DNA (rDNA) | technology involves the insertion of foreign DNA
into an organism’s genome
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| DNA Cloning and Recombinant DNA : Plasmids | Circular DNA molecules used as vectors to carry foreign DNA into host cells
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| Vector | A DNA molecule used to deliver genetic material into cells.
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| Transformation | The process of introducing recombinant DNA into a
host cell
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| Restriction Enzymes (Restriction Endonucleases) | Proteins that cut DNA at specific sequences. These are used to "cut" both the plasmid and the gene of interest so they can be combined. Ex: EcoRI: Cuts DNA at a specific recognition sequence, leaving "sticky ends" that are joined with other DNA fragments
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| DNA Ligase | used to join two DNA fragments (e.g., ligating the gene of
interest into the plasmid vector)
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| Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) : PCR | a technique used to make many copies of a specific segment of DNA in a test tube
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| PCR Steps | Denaturation, annealing, extension
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| PCR Denaturation | Heating the DNA to separate strands
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| PCR Annealing | Cooling the DNA and allowing primers to bind
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| PCR Extension | DNA polymerase extends the primers to synthesize
new DNA strands
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| Gel Electrophoresis | A technique used to separate DNA, RNA, or protein fragments by size and charge through a gel matrix under an electric field - Ethidium bromide or other dyes are used to visualize DNA bands
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| Applications of Biotechnology : Gene Cloning | The process of inserting a gene into a vector, introducing it into a host organism, and producing the gene product (protein) in large quantities - Bacterial Cloning: E. coli or other bacteria can be used as hosts for gene cloning
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| Applications of Biotechnology : Genetic Engineering of Organisms : Transgenic Organisms | Organisms whose genome has been altered by the
insertion of foreign genes. This can involve the creation of Transgenic Plants and animals
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| Transgenic Plants | Plants modified to express desirable traits (e.g.,
resistance to pests or herbicides)
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| Transgenic Animals | Animals modified to express foreign proteins for
pharmaceutical purposes or to study gene function
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| Applications of Biotechnology : Genetic Engineering of Organisms : Gene Therapy | involves altering the genes inside an individual’s cells to treat
or prevent disease. This can include inserting healthy genes to replace faulty ones or to correct genetic disorders
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| Somatic Cell Gene Therapy | Targets the somatic (body) cells of the patient
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| Germ-line Gene Therapy | Targets gametes (sperm or egg cells) or early
embryos to pass on changes to future generations (currently not allowed due to ethical concerns)
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| Applications of Biotechnology : Genetic Engineering of Organisms : Pharmaceutical Production | Biotechnology is used to produce drugs, hormones, and other therapeutic proteins through the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
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| Applications of Biotechnology : Genetic Engineering of Organisms : Environmental Biotechnology : Bioremediation | The use of living organisms to detoxify or remove pollutants
from the environment (e.g., oil spills)
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| Applications of Biotechnology : Genetic Engineering of Organisms : Environmental Biotechnology : Waste Treatment | Genetically modified microorganisms are used in waste
treatment plants to break down pollutants
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| Genomics | the study of the entire genome of an organism, including the
sequencing, mapping, and analysis of genes and their functions
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| Human Genome Project (HGP) | was an international research project that aimed to
map all the genes in the human genome and determine the sequence of all 3 billion DNA base pairs - Humans have about 20,000 genes - Only about 1.5% of the human genome codes for proteins
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| Techniques in Genomics : DNA Sequencing | Determining the precise order of nucleotides in a DNA
molecule
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| Techniques in Genomics : Comparative Genomics | Comparing the genomes of different species to identify similarities and differences
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| Functional Genomics | The study of the function of genes and how they interact with each other in pathways to regulate biological processes
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| Functional Genomics : Gene Expression Profiling | Using techniques like microarrays or RNA-Seq to study gene activity and how genes are expressed under different conditions
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| Applications of Genomics | Personalized Medicine, Pharmacogenomics, Genomic Medicine, Agricultural Genomics
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| Biotechnology | Use of living organisms or biological systems to make or modify
products
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| Recombinant DNA | DNA that is formed by combining genetic material from
different sources
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| Plasmid | A small circular DNA molecule used as a vector in cloning.
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| PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) | A technique used to amplify specific DNA
sequences
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| Restriction Enzymes | Enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences
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| Gene Cloning | The process of producing identical copies of a gene
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| Transgenic Organisms | Organisms that have been genetically modified with foreign
DNA
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| Genomics | The study of the complete set of genes in an organism’s genome
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| Gene Therapy | A technique used to treat or prevent disease by modifying the
genetic material of a patient’s cells
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