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Recombinant DNA Technology
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Bio #14
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Biotechnology | refers to the use of living organisms, cells, or biological systems to create products or solve problems. It involves the manipulation of biological molecules, typically DNA, for various applications |
| Recombinant DNA Technology | The process of combining DNA from different sources to create new genetic combination |
| Genetic Engineering | The deliberate modification of an organism's genome using biotechnology techniques |
| PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) | A technique used to amplify small segments of DNA |
| DNA Cloning and Recombinant DNA : Recombinant DNA (rDNA) | technology involves the insertion of foreign DNA into an organism’s genome |
| DNA Cloning and Recombinant DNA : Plasmids | Circular DNA molecules used as vectors to carry foreign DNA into host cells |
| Vector | A DNA molecule used to deliver genetic material into cells. |
| Transformation | The process of introducing recombinant DNA into a host cell |
| Restriction Enzymes (Restriction Endonucleases) | Proteins that cut DNA at specific sequences. These are used to "cut" both the plasmid and the gene of interest so they can be combined. Ex: EcoRI: Cuts DNA at a specific recognition sequence, leaving "sticky ends" that are joined with other DNA fragments |
| DNA Ligase | used to join two DNA fragments (e.g., ligating the gene of interest into the plasmid vector) |
| Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) : PCR | a technique used to make many copies of a specific segment of DNA in a test tube |
| PCR Steps | Denaturation, annealing, extension |
| PCR Denaturation | Heating the DNA to separate strands |
| PCR Annealing | Cooling the DNA and allowing primers to bind |
| PCR Extension | DNA polymerase extends the primers to synthesize new DNA strands |
| Gel Electrophoresis | A technique used to separate DNA, RNA, or protein fragments by size and charge through a gel matrix under an electric field - Ethidium bromide or other dyes are used to visualize DNA bands |
| Applications of Biotechnology : Gene Cloning | The process of inserting a gene into a vector, introducing it into a host organism, and producing the gene product (protein) in large quantities - Bacterial Cloning: E. coli or other bacteria can be used as hosts for gene cloning |
| Applications of Biotechnology : Genetic Engineering of Organisms : Transgenic Organisms | Organisms whose genome has been altered by the insertion of foreign genes. This can involve the creation of Transgenic Plants and animals |
| Transgenic Plants | Plants modified to express desirable traits (e.g., resistance to pests or herbicides) |
| Transgenic Animals | Animals modified to express foreign proteins for pharmaceutical purposes or to study gene function |
| Applications of Biotechnology : Genetic Engineering of Organisms : Gene Therapy | involves altering the genes inside an individual’s cells to treat or prevent disease. This can include inserting healthy genes to replace faulty ones or to correct genetic disorders |
| Somatic Cell Gene Therapy | Targets the somatic (body) cells of the patient |
| Germ-line Gene Therapy | Targets gametes (sperm or egg cells) or early embryos to pass on changes to future generations (currently not allowed due to ethical concerns) |
| Applications of Biotechnology : Genetic Engineering of Organisms : Pharmaceutical Production | Biotechnology is used to produce drugs, hormones, and other therapeutic proteins through the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) |
| Applications of Biotechnology : Genetic Engineering of Organisms : Environmental Biotechnology : Bioremediation | The use of living organisms to detoxify or remove pollutants from the environment (e.g., oil spills) |
| Applications of Biotechnology : Genetic Engineering of Organisms : Environmental Biotechnology : Waste Treatment | Genetically modified microorganisms are used in waste treatment plants to break down pollutants |
| Genomics | the study of the entire genome of an organism, including the sequencing, mapping, and analysis of genes and their functions |
| Human Genome Project (HGP) | was an international research project that aimed to map all the genes in the human genome and determine the sequence of all 3 billion DNA base pairs - Humans have about 20,000 genes - Only about 1.5% of the human genome codes for proteins |
| Techniques in Genomics : DNA Sequencing | Determining the precise order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule |
| Techniques in Genomics : Comparative Genomics | Comparing the genomes of different species to identify similarities and differences |
| Functional Genomics | The study of the function of genes and how they interact with each other in pathways to regulate biological processes |
| Functional Genomics : Gene Expression Profiling | Using techniques like microarrays or RNA-Seq to study gene activity and how genes are expressed under different conditions |
| Applications of Genomics | Personalized Medicine, Pharmacogenomics, Genomic Medicine, Agricultural Genomics |
| Biotechnology | Use of living organisms or biological systems to make or modify products |
| Recombinant DNA | DNA that is formed by combining genetic material from different sources |
| Plasmid | A small circular DNA molecule used as a vector in cloning. |
| PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) | A technique used to amplify specific DNA sequences |
| Restriction Enzymes | Enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences |
| Gene Cloning | The process of producing identical copies of a gene |
| Transgenic Organisms | Organisms that have been genetically modified with foreign DNA |
| Genomics | The study of the complete set of genes in an organism’s genome |
| Gene Therapy | A technique used to treat or prevent disease by modifying the genetic material of a patient’s cells |
Created by:
kassa.cool