APES Unit 4
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| What are the Earths chemical layers | -Crust
-Mantle
-Core
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| Crust | The outermost layer, composed of oxygen, silicon, aluminum, magnesium, iron, etc
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| Mantle | The layer of Earth above the ocre, composed of silicate rocks, magnesium, and iron
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| Core | The innermost zone of Earth's interior, composed mostly of iron and nickel
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| Earths Physical Layers | -Lithosphere
-Asthenosphere
-Mesosphere
-Outer core
-Inner core
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| Lithosphere | Solid
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| Astehnosphere | Semi-molten rock
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| Mesosphere | Composed of molten rock (Magma) that slowly circulates in convection cells
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| Outer Core | Liquid metal; movement is responsible for earth's magnetic field
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| Inner core | Solid metal due to pressure
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| Hot Spots | When heat causes plumes of hot Magma to well upward from the mantle
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| Transform Fault Boundary | An area where tectonic plates move sideways past each other leading to a fault or a fracture in the rock of the crust
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| Divergent plate boundary | An area beneath the ocean where tectonic plates move away from each other
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| Seafloor spreading | The formation of new ocean crust as a result of Magma pushing upward and outward from Earth's mantle to the surface
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| Convergent Plate Boundary | An area where plates move towards one another and collide
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| Subduction | When one plate goes under another plate
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| Igneous rocks | Rock formed directly from cooled magma
EX: Granite
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| What rock is the main type in the ocean | Basalt
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| What rock is the main type in continental | Granite
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| Sedimentary Rocks | Rock that forms when sediments such as muds, sands, or gravels are compressed by overlying sediments
EX: Conglomerate
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| Metamorphic Rocks | Rock that forms when sedimentary rock, igneous rocks, or other metamorphic rock is subjected to high temps and pressure
EX: Gneiss
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| Physical weathering | Mechanical breakdown of rocks and minerals, usually caused by water, wind, or variations in temperature such as seasonal freeze thaw cycles
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| Chemical weathering | Breakdown of rocks and minerals by chemical reactions, the dissolving of chemical elements from rocks, or both these processes
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| Erosion | Physical removal of rock fragments form a landscape or ecosystem
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| Soils in order from highest to lowest | -O
-A
-E
-B
-C
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| O horizon | Organic horizon at the surface, with organic detritus in various stages of decomposition, the bottom layer composed of humus
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| A horizon | The top layer of soil, compromising organic material and minerals that have been mixed together, sometimes called topsoil
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| E horizon | A zone of leaching or eluviation, found in some acidic soils under the O horizon, or less often, the A horizon
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| B horizon | Commonly known as subsoil, primarily mineral material with very little organic matter
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| C horizon | The least weathered soil horizon, always below the b horizon, similar to he parent material
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| REMINDER | MOST SOILS HAVE EITHER AN O HORIZON OR AN A HORIZON AND USUALLY NOT BOTH
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| Water holding capacity | Amount of water soil can hold against the draining force of gravity
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| Watershed | Area of land that drains into a particular body of water
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| Albedo | Areas of the earth that reflect more solar energy
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| High albedo | Ice, snow, light color
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| Low albedo | Asphalt, dark colors
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| How much is the earth tilted | 23.5 degrees
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| What are the 2 primary gasses in the atmosphere | Nitrogen and Oxygen
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| Layers of the Earth's atmosphere | -Troposphere
-Stratosphere
-Ozone layer
-Mesosphere
-Mesosphere, Thermosphere, Exosphere
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| Trophosphere | Layer of the atmosphere closest to the surface of the Earth and is the densest layer
-Where Earth's weather occurs
-Where we live
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| Stratosphere | Layer of the atmosphere above the troposphere
-Where you fly a plane
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| Ozone layer | Located between the troposphere and stratosphere that absorbs most of the suns UV ryas
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| Adiabatic Cooling | The cooling effect of reduced pressure on air as it rises in the atmosphere and expands
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| Adiabatic Heating | Increased pressure on air as it sinks toward the surface of the earth and decreases in volume
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| Latent Heat Release | The release of energy when weather vapor in the atmosphere condenses into liquid water
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| Atmospheric Convection currents | Global patterns of air movement that are initiated by the unequal heating of the Earth-regions near the earth receive more solar radiation than regions near the poles
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| Hadley cells | Convection currents that cycle between the equator and 30 degrees N and 30 degrees S
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| Polar Cells | Convection currents formed by air rising at 60 degrees N and 60 degrees S
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| Ferrell Cells | Convection currents found between Hadley and polar Cells fitting in like a gear
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| Coriolis effect | The deflection of an object's path due to the rotation of the earth
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| Gyre | A large-scale pattern of water circulation on the oceans surface that moves clockwise in the northern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere
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| Thermohaline | Temperature and Salt
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