7th Grade Science Final Exam Study Guide: Day 1 & 2
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| Scenario: Olivia tests how fertilizer affects plant growth. She repeats the experiment 5 times for each fertilizer type. Q: What is it called when she repeats trials? | show 🗑
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| show | 72 meters × 100 cm/meter = 7,200 cm.
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| What is the independent variable’s role in an experiment? | show 🗑
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| What is the dependent variable’s role in an experiment? | show 🗑
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| How is scientific inquiry broader than the scientific method? | show 🗑
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| What is a scientific law? Give one example. | show 🗑
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| show | A scientific theory explains a broad range of observations and is supported by evidence. Example: The Theory of Evolution.
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| show | Crust, Mantle, Outer Core, Inner Core.
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| show | The geosphere consists of Earth's solid parts, including the crust, mantle, and core.
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| Which crust is more dense — continental or oceanic? | show 🗑
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| show | The mantle is composed mostly of silicate minerals and is rich in magnesium and iron.
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| show | The core is metallic because heavy elements like iron and nickel sank to the center during Earth's formation.
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| show | Alfred Wegener proposed the theory of continental drift in 1912.
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| Describe the movements at divergent boundaries. | show 🗑
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| show | Convergent Boundaries – Plates move toward each other, leading to mountain formation or subduction zones.
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| Describe the movements at transform boundaries. | show 🗑
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| show | This is a convergent boundary. It can cause deep ocean trenches, underwater earthquakes, and volcanic island arcs.
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| show | Alfred Wegener proposed the Continental Drift theory in 1912.
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| show | Divergent boundaries move plates apart, forming mid-ocean ridges and rift valleys.
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| show | Earthquakes are common at transform boundaries, where plates slide past each other.
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| show | Evidence includes fossil similarities across continents, matching mountain ranges, and GPS data showing plate movement.
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| show | The Himalayan Mountains, where the Indian Plate collides with the Eurasian Plate.
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| show | Subduction occurs when one plate sinks beneath another due to density differences, often forming volcanic arcs.
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| show | Continental crust and oceanic crust.
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| Which crust type is denser? | show 🗑
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| show | Scientists doubted it because Wegener couldn’t explain the force moving the continents. Later, plate tectonics provided an explanation.
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| show | Weathering is the breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces by natural forces.
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| show | Erosion is the movement of sediment or soil by wind, water, or ice.
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| show | Deposition is the process where eroded material is settled or laid down in a new location.
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| Name the three types of rock. | show 🗑
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| show | Physical weathering is the breakdown of rocks without changing their chemical composition. It happens due to temperature changes, pressure, or mechanical forces.
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| What is chemical weathering? | show 🗑
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| show | Ice wedging – Water enters cracks, freezes, and expands, breaking rock apart.
Abrasion – Rocks scrape against each other due to wind, water, or gravity.
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| show | Composition refers to the types of minerals and materials that make up a rock.
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| show | Mineralization occurs when minerals replace the original organic material in a fossil, preserving its shape and details.
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| show | Carbonization happens when organic matter is compressed, leaving behind a carbon imprint, often seen in fossilized leaves or soft-bodied organisms.
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| show | Organic material comes from living organisms and contains carbon (e.g., plants, animals).
Inorganic material is non-living and may not contain carbon (e.g., rocks, minerals).
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| show | Mold fossils are imprints left behind when an organism decays, creating a hollow space.
Cast fossils form when minerals fill that hollow space, creating a 3D replica.
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| show | The Law of Superposition states that in undisturbed rock layers, older layers are beneath younger layers.
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| What is the geologic time scale, and list its four main units in order. | show 🗑
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| How do scientists use radioactive dating to date fossils? | show 🗑
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| What is evolution? | show 🗑
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| show | Natural selection is the mechanism where organisms with traits better suited to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully.
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| Difference between scientific theory and scientific law? | show 🗑
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| What is a variation? Give one example. | show 🗑
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| What is an adaptation? Give one example. | show 🗑
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| show | Genes are segments of DNA that determine traits.
Alleles are different forms of a gene (e.g., a gene for eye color may have alleles for blue, brown, or green eyes).
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| show | Gene flow: The movement of genes between populations, often due to migration.
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| Define diversity. | show 🗑
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| show | Genetic drift: Random changes in allele frequencies due to chance, impacting small populations the most.
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| show | A mutation is a change in DNA, which can create new traits. Mutations can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral.
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| show | Artificial selection occurs when humans breed organisms for desired traits (e.g., breeding dogs for specific coat colors).
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| Scenario: A storm wipes out most birds in an area, leaving only a few to breed. Q: What effect does this describe (bottleneck or founder)? | show 🗑
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| What are DNA and RNA? | show 🗑
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| show | RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) helps in protein synthesis and carries genetic messages.
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| show | Chromosomes are thread-like structures made of DNA and proteins, carrying genetic information.
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| What is biotechnology? | show 🗑
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| How can heredity affect health? | show 🗑
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| What molecule passes along genetic messages in a single strand? | show 🗑
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| What structures hold your 23 pairs of genetic information? | show 🗑
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| DNA Base Pair Memory Trick: ___ (provide trick). | show 🗑
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| show | “A-U, G-C – U Always Supports A” (Adenine pairs with Uracil in RNA instead of Thymine).
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| show | DNA: Adenine (A) – Thymine (T), Guanine (G) – Cytosine
RNA: Adenine (A) – Uracil (U), Guanine (G) – Cytosine (C)
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| show | DNA contains deoxyribose.
RNA contains ribose.
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| What 3 parts make up a nucleotide? | show 🗑
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| show | A mutation is a change in DNA. Yes, it can be passed down if it occurs in reproductive cells.
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| show | DNA replication is the process where DNA makes an identical copy before cell division. The double helix unwinds, and complementary bases pair to form two new strands.
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| What shape is DNA? | show 🗑
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| show | Genes in DNA instruct cells on protein synthesis.
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| show | Cloning creates identical genetic copies. Plants are cloned to preserve desirable traits like disease resistance or high crop yield.
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| show | Artificial selection involves breeding organisms for desired traits.
Genetic engineering involves directly modifying DNA using technology.
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| What is genetics the study of? | show 🗑
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| show | An allele is a different form of a gene that can determine variations in traits.
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| Who is the father of genetics? | show 🗑
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| show | Cross-pollination involves pollen transferring between different plants.
Self-pollination occurs when a plant fertilizes itself.
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| Mendel’s first generation flower color result? | show 🗑
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| show | Some purple and some white flowers appeared, revealing the recessive trait.
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| Define dominant and recessive traits. | show 🗑
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| show | Recessive traits are only expressed if no dominant allele is present (written as lowercase letters).
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| Difference between genotype and phenotype? | show 🗑
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| Where do your two alleles come from? | show 🗑
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| How are dominant and recessive traits written? | show 🗑
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| What tool predicts traits in offspring? | show 🗑
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| Scenario: A plant has the genotype TT. Q: Is this homozygous or heterozygous? | show 🗑
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| show | Incomplete dominance: A blended phenotype (red and white flowers producing pink).
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| Define codominance. | show 🗑
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| What is polygenic inheritance? | show 🗑
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| What is a pedigree chart used for? | show 🗑
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| What are the male and female sex chromosomes? | show 🗑
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| show | Heterozygous genotype example: __Tt
Homozygous recessive genotype example: __tt
Homozygous dominant genotype example: __TT
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| What is interdependence? | show 🗑
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| show | Biotic factors are living things in an ecosystem (plants, animals, bacteria).
Abiotic factors are non-living things that affect life (water, temperature, sunlight).
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| Food chain vs. food web? | show 🗑
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| Define ecosystem. | show 🗑
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| What is an energy pyramid? | show 🗑
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| show | Population: A group of the same species in an area.
Community: Multiple populations interacting.
Ecosystem: Includes the community plus abiotic factors
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| show | Ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and their environment.
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| show | Food availability, Water supply, Space, Predation
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| Define: Mutualism | show 🗑
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| show | One benefits, the other is unaffected (barnacles on whales).
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| Define: Parasitism | show 🗑
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| What are producers and consumers? | show 🗑
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| show | Independent factors affect populations regardless of their size. Ex: Natural disasters (hurricanes, floods), climate changes, wildfires.
Density-dependent factors impact populations based on their density. Ex: Food shortages, disease spread, predation.
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| What is carrying capacity? | show 🗑
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| show | Emigration: Organisms leave a population.
Immigration: Organisms enter a population.
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| Define competition. | show 🗑
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| show | Predation is a relationship where one organism (predator) hunts and consumes another organism (prey)
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| show | A symbiotic relationship is a close interaction between two species, which may be beneficial, harmful, or neutral.
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| Define energy | show 🗑
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| What is potential energy? | show 🗑
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| show | Eenergy of motion—objects moving have kinetic energy
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| show | Height and mass—the higher and heavier an object, the more gravitational potential energy it has
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| What does the law of conservation of energy state? | show 🗑
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| show | Moves energy from one object to another (e.g., heat from a stove to a pot).
Changes energy from one form to another (e.g., chemical energy in food converting to mechanical energy in muscles).
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| show | Temperature measures the average kinetic energy of particles.
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| What is thermal expansion? | show 🗑
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| What is radiant/electromagnetic energy? | show 🗑
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| Examples: Mechanical energy example: __ Chemical energy example: __ | show 🗑
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| Define electromagnetic spectrum. | show 🗑
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| show | A disturbance that transfers energy through space or matter.
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| show | Waves are measured by their wavelength (distance between peaks) and frequency (how many waves pass a point per second).
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| show | The substance through which a wave travels (e.g., air, water, solid materials).
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| What kind of waves only travel through matter? | show 🗑
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| What is an electromagnetic wave? | show 🗑
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| What is transverse vs. longitudinal wave motion? | show 🗑
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| show | Energy that comes from the movement of particles in a substance. The faster the particles move, the more thermal energy the substance has.
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| show | Conduction—heat is transferred through direct contact between the spoon and the hot soup.
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| What is thermal expansion? Give one real-world example. | show 🗑
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| What direction does heat always flow — from cooler objects to warmer objects, or warmer to cooler? | show 🗑
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| show | Radiation—heat is transferred through electromagnetic waves, allowing warmth to reach you without direct contact
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Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
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Created by:
Edwards20106