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Scenario: Olivia tests how fertilizer affects plant growth. She repeats the experiment 5 times for each fertilizer type.
Q: What is it called when she repeats trials?
Q: What is it called when she repeats trials?
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Convert 72 meters of string to centimeters.
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Phillips Final
7th Grade Science Final Exam Study Guide: Day 1 & 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Scenario: Olivia tests how fertilizer affects plant growth. She repeats the experiment 5 times for each fertilizer type. Q: What is it called when she repeats trials? | Repetition or replication. |
| Convert 72 meters of string to centimeters. | 72 meters × 100 cm/meter = 7,200 cm. |
| What is the independent variable’s role in an experiment? | The independent variable is the one that is purposely changed to test its effects. |
| What is the dependent variable’s role in an experiment? | The dependent variable is what is measured or observed as a result of the independent variable’s changes. |
| How is scientific inquiry broader than the scientific method? | Scientific inquiry includes exploring questions, making observations, and forming new hypotheses, whereas the scientific method follows a structured step-by-step process. |
| What is a scientific law? Give one example. | A scientific law describes a consistently observed pattern in nature. Example: Newton’s Law of Gravity. |
| What is a scientific theory? Give one example. | A scientific theory explains a broad range of observations and is supported by evidence. Example: The Theory of Evolution. |
| List Earth's layers from outermost to innermost. | Crust, Mantle, Outer Core, Inner Core. |
| What is the geosphere? | The geosphere consists of Earth's solid parts, including the crust, mantle, and core. |
| Which crust is more dense — continental or oceanic? | Oceanic crust is more dense than continental crust. |
| What is much of the mantle made of? | The mantle is composed mostly of silicate minerals and is rich in magnesium and iron. |
| Why is Earth’s core metallic instead of rocky? | The core is metallic because heavy elements like iron and nickel sank to the center during Earth's formation. |
| Who proposed the idea of continental drift? | Alfred Wegener proposed the theory of continental drift in 1912. |
| Describe the movements at divergent boundaries. | Divergent Boundaries – Plates move apart, creating mid-ocean ridges and rift valleys. |
| Describe the movements at convergent boundaries. | Convergent Boundaries – Plates move toward each other, leading to mountain formation or subduction zones. |
| Describe the movements at transform boundaries. | Transform Boundaries – Plates slide past each other, often causing earthquakes. |
| Scenario: Two tectonic plates crash together under the ocean. Q: What type of plate boundary is this, and what might it cause? | This is a convergent boundary. It can cause deep ocean trenches, underwater earthquakes, and volcanic island arcs. |
| Who proposed Continental Drift theory? | Alfred Wegener proposed the Continental Drift theory in 1912. |
| Which type of boundary moves plates apart? | Divergent boundaries move plates apart, forming mid-ocean ridges and rift valleys. |
| What disaster is commonly linked to transform boundaries? | Earthquakes are common at transform boundaries, where plates slide past each other. |
| What evidence proves continents are moving? | Evidence includes fossil similarities across continents, matching mountain ranges, and GPS data showing plate movement. |
| Give a real-world example of a convergent boundary. | The Himalayan Mountains, where the Indian Plate collides with the Eurasian Plate. |
| Define subduction. | Subduction occurs when one plate sinks beneath another due to density differences, often forming volcanic arcs. |
| What are the two types of crust? | Continental crust and oceanic crust. |
| Which crust type is denser? | Oceanic crust is denser than continental crust. |
| Why did scientists doubt Wegener’s theory at first? | Scientists doubted it because Wegener couldn’t explain the force moving the continents. Later, plate tectonics provided an explanation. |
| Define weathering. | Weathering is the breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces by natural forces. |
| Define erosion. | Erosion is the movement of sediment or soil by wind, water, or ice. |
| Define deposition. | Deposition is the process where eroded material is settled or laid down in a new location. |
| Name the three types of rock. | Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. |
| What is physical weathering? | Physical weathering is the breakdown of rocks without changing their chemical composition. It happens due to temperature changes, pressure, or mechanical forces. |
| What is chemical weathering? | Chemical weathering occurs when chemical reactions alter the minerals in rocks, breaking them down. |
| Give two examples of physical weathering. | Ice wedging – Water enters cracks, freezes, and expands, breaking rock apart. Abrasion – Rocks scrape against each other due to wind, water, or gravity. |
| What does "composition" mean when describing rocks? | Composition refers to the types of minerals and materials that make up a rock. |
| What is mineralization? | Mineralization occurs when minerals replace the original organic material in a fossil, preserving its shape and details. |
| What is carbonization? | Carbonization happens when organic matter is compressed, leaving behind a carbon imprint, often seen in fossilized leaves or soft-bodied organisms. |
| Explain organic vs. inorganic material. | Organic material comes from living organisms and contains carbon (e.g., plants, animals). Inorganic material is non-living and may not contain carbon (e.g., rocks, minerals). |
| How are mold fossils different from cast fossils? | Mold fossils are imprints left behind when an organism decays, creating a hollow space. Cast fossils form when minerals fill that hollow space, creating a 3D replica. |
| What is the Law of Superposition? | The Law of Superposition states that in undisturbed rock layers, older layers are beneath younger layers. |
| What is the geologic time scale, and list its four main units in order. | The geologic time scale divides Earth's history into chronological units. The four main units are: Eon (largest) Era Period Epoch (smallest) |
| How do scientists use radioactive dating to date fossils? | Scientists measure the decay of radioactive isotopes, such as carbon-14 or uranium-238, to determine a fossil’s age. |
| What is evolution? | Evolution is the process by which organisms change over time due to genetic variations and natural selection. |
| What is natural selection? | Natural selection is the mechanism where organisms with traits better suited to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully. |
| Difference between scientific theory and scientific law? | Scientific theory explains how and why a natural phenomenon occurs based on evidence (e.g., Theory of Evolution). Scientific law describes a consistent pattern in nature without explaining why it happens (e.g., Newton’s Law of Gravity). |
| What is a variation? Give one example. | Variation refers to differences in traits within a species. Example: Some rabbits have thicker fur than others in colder regions. |
| What is an adaptation? Give one example. | Adaptation is a trait that increases an organism's chance of survival. Example: Cacti have thick stems to store water in dry environments. |
| What is the difference between genes and alleles? | Genes are segments of DNA that determine traits. Alleles are different forms of a gene (e.g., a gene for eye color may have alleles for blue, brown, or green eyes). |
| Define gene flow. | Gene flow: The movement of genes between populations, often due to migration. |
| Define diversity. | Genetic diversity: The variety of traits within a population, increasing adaptability. |
| Define genetic drift. | Genetic drift: Random changes in allele frequencies due to chance, impacting small populations the most. |
| What is a mutation? | A mutation is a change in DNA, which can create new traits. Mutations can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral. |
| What is artificial selection? | Artificial selection occurs when humans breed organisms for desired traits (e.g., breeding dogs for specific coat colors). |
| Scenario: A storm wipes out most birds in an area, leaving only a few to breed. Q: What effect does this describe (bottleneck or founder)? | This describes the bottleneck effect, where a large population is reduced to a few individuals, decreasing genetic diversity. |
| What are DNA and RNA? | DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) stores genetic information. |
| What are RNA? | RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) helps in protein synthesis and carries genetic messages. |
| Define chromosomes. | Chromosomes are thread-like structures made of DNA and proteins, carrying genetic information. |
| What is biotechnology? | Biotechnology is the use of living organisms or biological systems to develop products, like genetically modified crops or medical treatments. |
| How can heredity affect health? | Heredity affects health by passing down genetic traits that influence risks for diseases like diabetes, cancer, or heart conditions. |
| What molecule passes along genetic messages in a single strand? | RNA is the molecule that carries genetic messages in a single strand. |
| What structures hold your 23 pairs of genetic information? | Chromosomes hold your 23 pairs of genetic information. |
| DNA Base Pair Memory Trick: ___ (provide trick). | “A-T, G-C – Always Together, Great Connection” (Adenine pairs with Thymine, Guanine pairs with Cytosine). |
| RNA Base Pair Memory Trick: ___ (provide trick). | “A-U, G-C – U Always Supports A” (Adenine pairs with Uracil in RNA instead of Thymine). |
| Match the nitrogen bases for DNA and RNA. | DNA: Adenine (A) – Thymine (T), Guanine (G) – Cytosine RNA: Adenine (A) – Uracil (U), Guanine (G) – Cytosine (C) |
| What sugars are in DNA and RNA? | DNA contains deoxyribose. RNA contains ribose. |
| What 3 parts make up a nucleotide? | Sugar, Phosphate Group, and Nitrogen Base. |
| What is a mutation? Can it be passed down? | A mutation is a change in DNA. Yes, it can be passed down if it occurs in reproductive cells. |
| Describe DNA replication. | DNA replication is the process where DNA makes an identical copy before cell division. The double helix unwinds, and complementary bases pair to form two new strands. |
| What shape is DNA? | A double helix, resembling a twisted ladder. |
| What instructs cells on making proteins? | Genes in DNA instruct cells on protein synthesis. |
| What is cloning? Why clone plants? | Cloning creates identical genetic copies. Plants are cloned to preserve desirable traits like disease resistance or high crop yield. |
| Artificial selection vs. genetic engineering? | Artificial selection involves breeding organisms for desired traits. Genetic engineering involves directly modifying DNA using technology. |
| What is genetics the study of? | Genetics is the study of heredity and how traits are passed from parents to offspring. |
| Define allele. | An allele is a different form of a gene that can determine variations in traits. |
| Who is the father of genetics? | Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk known for his experiments with pea plants. |
| Difference between cross-pollination and self-pollination? | Cross-pollination involves pollen transferring between different plants. Self-pollination occurs when a plant fertilizes itself. |
| Mendel’s first generation flower color result? | All flowers in the first generation were purple, since the dominant trait was expressed. |
| Mendel’s second generation flower observations? | Some purple and some white flowers appeared, revealing the recessive trait. |
| Define dominant and recessive traits. | Dominant traits are always expressed if present (written as uppercase letters). |
| Define recessive traits. | Recessive traits are only expressed if no dominant allele is present (written as lowercase letters). |
| Difference between genotype and phenotype? | Genotype refers to the genetic makeup (TT, Tt, or tt). Phenotype is the physical appearance (tall or short). |
| Where do your two alleles come from? | One allele comes from each parent. |
| How are dominant and recessive traits written? | Dominant: Uppercase (T), Recessive: Lowercase (t). |
| What tool predicts traits in offspring? | Punnett squares predict possible genetic combinations. |
| Scenario: A plant has the genotype TT. Q: Is this homozygous or heterozygous? | Homozygous dominant (TT). |
| Define incomplete dominance and codominance. | Incomplete dominance: A blended phenotype (red and white flowers producing pink). |
| Define codominance. | Codominance: Both traits show separately (spotted cows with both red and white hairs). |
| What is polygenic inheritance? | Traits controlled by multiple genes, such as skin color or height. |
| What is a pedigree chart used for? | A pedigree traces traits through generations, often used in medical research. A pedigree traces traits through generations, often used in medical research. |
| What are the male and female sex chromosomes? | Male: XY, Female: XX |
| Examples: Give Examples: Heterozygous genotype example: __ Homozygous recessive genotype example: __ Homozygous dominant genotype example: __ | Heterozygous genotype example: __Tt Homozygous recessive genotype example: __tt Homozygous dominant genotype example: __TT |
| What is interdependence? | Interdependence is how organisms rely on each other and their environment for survival. |
| Biotic vs. abiotic factors? | Biotic factors are living things in an ecosystem (plants, animals, bacteria). Abiotic factors are non-living things that affect life (water, temperature, sunlight). |
| Food chain vs. food web? | A food chain shows a single pathway of energy flow. A food web shows multiple interconnected food chains. |
| Define ecosystem. | An ecosystem consists of all living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) things in a given area interacting. |
| What is an energy pyramid? | An energy pyramid shows how energy decreases at each trophic level, with producers at the base and top predators at the peak. |
| Compare community, ecosystem, and population. | Population: A group of the same species in an area. Community: Multiple populations interacting. Ecosystem: Includes the community plus abiotic factors |
| Define ecology | Ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and their environment. |
| Give 4 limiting factors. | Food availability, Water supply, Space, Predation |
| Define: Mutualism | Both species benefit (bees and flowers). |
| Define: Commensalism | One benefits, the other is unaffected (barnacles on whales). |
| Define: Parasitism | One benefits, the other is harmed (ticks on dogs). |
| What are producers and consumers? | Producers make their own food (plants, algae). Consumers eat other organisms for energy (herbivores, carnivores, omnivores). |
| Density-independent vs. density-dependent limiting factors (with examples). | Independent factors affect populations regardless of their size. Ex: Natural disasters (hurricanes, floods), climate changes, wildfires. Density-dependent factors impact populations based on their density. Ex: Food shortages, disease spread, predation. |
| What is carrying capacity? | Carrying capacity is the maximum number of individuals an environment can support sustainably. |
| Emigration vs. immigration? | Emigration: Organisms leave a population. Immigration: Organisms enter a population. |
| Define competition. | Competition is the struggle between organisms for resources like food, water, and space. |
| Define predation | Predation is a relationship where one organism (predator) hunts and consumes another organism (prey) |
| What is a symbiotic relationship? | A symbiotic relationship is a close interaction between two species, which may be beneficial, harmful, or neutral. |
| Define energy | the ability to do work or cause change. |
| What is potential energy? | stored energy due to an object's position or condition (e.g., a stretched rubber band or a raised object). |
| What is kinetic energy? | Eenergy of motion—objects moving have kinetic energy |
| What two factors give an object gravitational potential energy? | Height and mass—the higher and heavier an object, the more gravitational potential energy it has |
| What does the law of conservation of energy state? | Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed. |
| Energy transfer vs. energy transformation? | Moves energy from one object to another (e.g., heat from a stove to a pot). Changes energy from one form to another (e.g., chemical energy in food converting to mechanical energy in muscles). |
| What measures average kinetic energy of particles? | Temperature measures the average kinetic energy of particles. |
| What is thermal expansion? | Occurs when materials expand as they heat up (e.g., metal bridges expanding in hot weather). |
| What is radiant/electromagnetic energy? | Energy that travels in waves, including light, radio waves, and X-rays. |
| Examples: Mechanical energy example: __ Chemical energy example: __ | A moving car (combines kinetic and potential energy). Food (stores energy that the body converts into usable energy). |
| Define electromagnetic spectrum. | The full range of electromagnetic radiation, including radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays |
| What is a wave? | A disturbance that transfers energy through space or matter. |
| How are waves measured? | Waves are measured by their wavelength (distance between peaks) and frequency (how many waves pass a point per second). |
| What is a medium? | The substance through which a wave travels (e.g., air, water, solid materials). |
| What kind of waves only travel through matter? | A medium is the substance through which a wave travels (e.g., air, water, solid materials) |
| What is an electromagnetic wave? | A wave that can travel through empty space and does not require a medium (e.g., light, radio waves, X-rays) |
| What is transverse vs. longitudinal wave motion? | Transverse waves move perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer (e.g., light waves). Longitudinal waves move parallel to the direction of energy transfer (e.g., sound waves) |
| What is thermal energy? How is it related to the motion of particles? | Energy that comes from the movement of particles in a substance. The faster the particles move, the more thermal energy the substance has. |
| Scenario: You leave a metal spoon in a pot of hot soup, and the spoon heats up. Q: What type of heat transfer is this? (Conduction, Convection, or Radiation?) | Conduction—heat is transferred through direct contact between the spoon and the hot soup. |
| What is thermal expansion? Give one real-world example. | Occurs when materials expand as they heat up. Example: Metal bridges expand in hot weather, requiring expansion joints to prevent damage. |
| What direction does heat always flow — from cooler objects to warmer objects, or warmer to cooler? | Heat always flows from warmer objects to cooler objects until thermal equilibrium is reached. |
| Scenario: You feel heat from a campfire even without touching it. Q: What type of heat transfer is happening here? | Radiation—heat is transferred through electromagnetic waves, allowing warmth to reach you without direct contact |
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Edwards20106