AP Psych cards for Methods
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| Hindsight Bias | "I-knew-it-all-along" Tendency upon hearing about an event passed to think that they knew it all along.
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| Applied Research | Research that has clear, practical applications and is used to solve practical problems.
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| Basic Research | Research that explores questions that are of interest to psychologists but are not intended to have immediate, real-world applications.
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| Hypothesis | A statement that expresses a relationship between two variables.
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| Theory | Aims to explain some phenomenon and allow researchers to generate testable hypothesis with the hope of collecting data that supports them.
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| Operational Definitions | An explanation of how variables are measured.
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| Validity | Measures what the researcher set out to measure; it is accurate.
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| Reliability | Can be replicated; it is consistent.
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| Sampling | The process by which participants are selected.
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| Population | The group from which a sample is selected.
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| Random Selection | Method of selecting a sample in that every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.
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| Stratified Sampling | A process that allows a researcher to ensure that the sample represents the population on some criteria.
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| Experiment | The only research method that can show a causal relationship. Allows the researcher to manipulate the IV, and control for confounding variables.
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| Confounding variables | Any difference between the experimental and control conditions that might affect the dependent variable [except for IV]
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| Assignment | Process by which participants are put into either an experimental or a control group.
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| Random Assignment | Method of assigning participants to conditions such that each has an equal chance of being placed into experimental groups.
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| Experimenter Bias | Unconscious tendency for researchers to treat members of the groups differently to increase the chance of confirming their hypothesis.
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| Double-Blind Procedure | Method in that neither the participants nor the researcher are aware of who is in the experimental or control groups.
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| Participant Bias | Tendency for subjects to behave in a certain way based on their perception of an experiment. [Placebo- Effect?]
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| Hawthorne Effect | Being selected to be in a group of people to participate in an experiment will affect the performance of that group, regardless of what is done to those individuals.
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| Correlation | Statistical measure of a relationship between two variables. [(+),(-),(0)]
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| Scatter Plot | Graph of correlated data
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| Survey Method | Asking people to give opinions or attitudes.
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| Naturalistic Observation | Observing participants in their natural habitats without interacting with them.
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| Case Study | Research method used to get a full, detailed picture of one participant or small group.
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| Descriptive Statistics | Ways of describing a set of data. [Ex: Measures of central Tendency]
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| Measure of Variability | Range, variance, and standard deviation.
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| Normal Curve | Bell-shaped curve that represents a distribution of scores.
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| Inferential Statistics | Statistics that can determine whether or not findings can be applied to the larger population from which the sample was selected.
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| Statistical Significance | There is less than a 5% chance that the results occurred by chance.
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| APA Ethical for Human Research | Coercion, Informed consent, Anonymity/confidentiality, lack of risk, debriefing procedures.
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| APA Ethical for Animal Research | Clear scientific purpose, care for and house animals humanely, acquire animal subjects legally, design procedures that employ the least amount of suffering.
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