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Psych: Methods
AP Psych cards for Methods
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Hindsight Bias | "I-knew-it-all-along" Tendency upon hearing about an event passed to think that they knew it all along. |
| Applied Research | Research that has clear, practical applications and is used to solve practical problems. |
| Basic Research | Research that explores questions that are of interest to psychologists but are not intended to have immediate, real-world applications. |
| Hypothesis | A statement that expresses a relationship between two variables. |
| Theory | Aims to explain some phenomenon and allow researchers to generate testable hypothesis with the hope of collecting data that supports them. |
| Operational Definitions | An explanation of how variables are measured. |
| Validity | Measures what the researcher set out to measure; it is accurate. |
| Reliability | Can be replicated; it is consistent. |
| Sampling | The process by which participants are selected. |
| Population | The group from which a sample is selected. |
| Random Selection | Method of selecting a sample in that every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected. |
| Stratified Sampling | A process that allows a researcher to ensure that the sample represents the population on some criteria. |
| Experiment | The only research method that can show a causal relationship. Allows the researcher to manipulate the IV, and control for confounding variables. |
| Confounding variables | Any difference between the experimental and control conditions that might affect the dependent variable [except for IV] |
| Assignment | Process by which participants are put into either an experimental or a control group. |
| Random Assignment | Method of assigning participants to conditions such that each has an equal chance of being placed into experimental groups. |
| Experimenter Bias | Unconscious tendency for researchers to treat members of the groups differently to increase the chance of confirming their hypothesis. |
| Double-Blind Procedure | Method in that neither the participants nor the researcher are aware of who is in the experimental or control groups. |
| Participant Bias | Tendency for subjects to behave in a certain way based on their perception of an experiment. [Placebo- Effect?] |
| Hawthorne Effect | Being selected to be in a group of people to participate in an experiment will affect the performance of that group, regardless of what is done to those individuals. |
| Correlation | Statistical measure of a relationship between two variables. [(+),(-),(0)] |
| Scatter Plot | Graph of correlated data |
| Survey Method | Asking people to give opinions or attitudes. |
| Naturalistic Observation | Observing participants in their natural habitats without interacting with them. |
| Case Study | Research method used to get a full, detailed picture of one participant or small group. |
| Descriptive Statistics | Ways of describing a set of data. [Ex: Measures of central Tendency] |
| Measure of Variability | Range, variance, and standard deviation. |
| Normal Curve | Bell-shaped curve that represents a distribution of scores. |
| Inferential Statistics | Statistics that can determine whether or not findings can be applied to the larger population from which the sample was selected. |
| Statistical Significance | There is less than a 5% chance that the results occurred by chance. |
| APA Ethical for Human Research | Coercion, Informed consent, Anonymity/confidentiality, lack of risk, debriefing procedures. |
| APA Ethical for Animal Research | Clear scientific purpose, care for and house animals humanely, acquire animal subjects legally, design procedures that employ the least amount of suffering. |
Created by:
Ayashi
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