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Psych: Methods

AP Psych cards for Methods

QuestionAnswer
Hindsight Bias "I-knew-it-all-along" Tendency upon hearing about an event passed to think that they knew it all along.
Applied Research Research that has clear, practical applications and is used to solve practical problems.
Basic Research Research that explores questions that are of interest to psychologists but are not intended to have immediate, real-world applications.
Hypothesis A statement that expresses a relationship between two variables.
Theory Aims to explain some phenomenon and allow researchers to generate testable hypothesis with the hope of collecting data that supports them.
Operational Definitions An explanation of how variables are measured.
Validity Measures what the researcher set out to measure; it is accurate.
Reliability Can be replicated; it is consistent.
Sampling The process by which participants are selected.
Population The group from which a sample is selected.
Random Selection Method of selecting a sample in that every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.
Stratified Sampling A process that allows a researcher to ensure that the sample represents the population on some criteria.
Experiment The only research method that can show a causal relationship. Allows the researcher to manipulate the IV, and control for confounding variables.
Confounding variables Any difference between the experimental and control conditions that might affect the dependent variable [except for IV]
Assignment Process by which participants are put into either an experimental or a control group.
Random Assignment Method of assigning participants to conditions such that each has an equal chance of being placed into experimental groups.
Experimenter Bias Unconscious tendency for researchers to treat members of the groups differently to increase the chance of confirming their hypothesis.
Double-Blind Procedure Method in that neither the participants nor the researcher are aware of who is in the experimental or control groups.
Participant Bias Tendency for subjects to behave in a certain way based on their perception of an experiment. [Placebo- Effect?]
Hawthorne Effect Being selected to be in a group of people to participate in an experiment will affect the performance of that group, regardless of what is done to those individuals.
Correlation Statistical measure of a relationship between two variables. [(+),(-),(0)]
Scatter Plot Graph of correlated data
Survey Method Asking people to give opinions or attitudes.
Naturalistic Observation Observing participants in their natural habitats without interacting with them.
Case Study Research method used to get a full, detailed picture of one participant or small group.
Descriptive Statistics Ways of describing a set of data. [Ex: Measures of central Tendency]
Measure of Variability Range, variance, and standard deviation.
Normal Curve Bell-shaped curve that represents a distribution of scores.
Inferential Statistics Statistics that can determine whether or not findings can be applied to the larger population from which the sample was selected.
Statistical Significance There is less than a 5% chance that the results occurred by chance.
APA Ethical for Human Research Coercion, Informed consent, Anonymity/confidentiality, lack of risk, debriefing procedures.
APA Ethical for Animal Research Clear scientific purpose, care for and house animals humanely, acquire animal subjects legally, design procedures that employ the least amount of suffering.
Created by: Ayashi
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