Intro to Research Methods - Does the Sample Represent the Population
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| Population: | show 🗑
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| Population (Glossary definition): | show 🗑
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| Sample: | show 🗑
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| Census: | show 🗑
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| Additional Information: | show 🗑
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| show | World population is around 8 billion. But researchers could never have the entire population in mind when conducting a study! Therefore, to decide whether a sample is biased or unbiased, they have to specify a population they want to generalize.
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| show | Just because a sample COMES from a population, doesn't mean it generalizes to that population. Just because a sample consists of American Drivers, doesn't mean it represents ALL American Drivers!
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| show | Biased or Unbiased
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| show | Also called an unrepresentative sample, some members of that population of interest have a much higher probability than other members of being included in the sample.
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| show | Also called a representative sample, all members of that population have an equal chance of being included in the sample (*ONLY unbiased samples allow us to make inferences about the population of interests*)
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| show | There is good external validity (findings can be generalized to other populations, settings, and times beyond the specific context to the study)
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| show | The external validity is unknown.
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| show | Researchers might study only those that contact conveniently or only those who volunteer. These can threaten the external validity of the study due to people who are convenient or more willing have different opinions to those who are less willing.
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| Convenience Sampling: | show 🗑
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| Convenience Sampling (EX): | show 🗑
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| show | A term used when a sample is known to contain only people who can volunteer to participate. They can cause serious problems to external validity.
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| show | When internet users choose to rate something, Amazon, Twitter, Rate my professor. The people who rate the items are not necessarily representative of the population of all people who bought the product, follow the twitter account, or took the class.
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| Probability Sampling: | show 🗑
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| show | Techniques involve nonrandom sampling and results in biased sample.
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| show | Considered the most basic form, the people's names that are on the "selected balls" will make up the sample. Another way to create a ____ _______ ______ would be to assign a number to each individual in a population and then select certain ones.
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| Simple Random Sampling (Probability Sampling Techniques) (EX:) | show 🗑
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| show | Using a computer or random # table, the researcher starts by selecting two random #'s, say 4 and 7. If the population of interests is a roomful of students, the researcher would start with the 4th person in the room and then count off until desired size.
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| show | Is an option where people are already divided into arbitrary groups. Clusters of participants within a population of interests are randomly selected, and then all individuals in each selected cluster are used.
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| Cluster Sampling (Probability Sampling Technique) (EX:) | show 🗑
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| show | Two random samples are selected. A random sample of clusters and then a random sample of people within those clusters.
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| Multistage Sampling (Probability Sampling Technique) (EX:) | show 🗑
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| Cluster and Multistage Sampling INFO: | show 🗑
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| Stratified Random Sampling (Probability Sampling Technique): | show 🗑
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| show | The researcher intentionally overrepresents one or more groups.
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| Weighting (Additional Notes): | show 🗑
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| show | Researchers create a sample using some random method, such as drawing names from a hat or using a random digital phone dialer, so that each member of the population has an equal chance of being in the sample.
- Increases external validity
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| show | Is used ONLY in experimental designs! When researchers want to place participants into two different groups (ex Treatment group and comparison group), they usually assign them at random.
- Increases internal validity = was caused by independent variable
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| Settling for an Unrepresentative Sample (Nonprobability Sampling Technique): | show 🗑
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| show | If researchers want to study only certain kinds of people, they recruit only those particular participants. When this is done in a random way, it is called ______ _______.
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| Purposive Sampling (Nonprobability Sampling Technique) (EX): | show 🗑
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| Snowball Sampling (Nonprobability Sampling Technique): | show 🗑
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| Snowball Sampling (Nonprobability Sampling Technique) (EX): | show 🗑
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| Quota Sampling: | show 🗑
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