All key studies and example studies
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| McKinstry and Wang (1991) | show 🗑
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| McKinlay (1975) | show 🗑
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| show | Compared doctor-led (directing) and patient-led (sharing) styles. 200 patients saw one GP.
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| show | Doctor-centred: doctor leads, closed questions, patient passive. Patient-centred: patient involved, open questions, shared decisions. Study compares their impact on satisfaction.
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| Savage & Armstrong aim | show 🗑
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| show | 200 patients aged 16–75 from one doctor’s surgery over 4 months.
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| show | Patients were randomly assigned to a directing or sharing consultation style. The doctor used prompt cards to follow the chosen style. Consultations were recorded, and patients completed satisfaction questionnaires right after and one week later.
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| Savage & Armstrong findings | show 🗑
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| show | Doctor’s directing style leads to higher patient satisfaction, especially for simple physical problems, which goes against the common belief that a sharing style is better.
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| Savage & Armstrong strengths | show 🗑
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| Savage & Armstrong limitations | show 🗑
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| show | Safer et al. (1979) studied why people delay going to the doctor. They found delay happens in three steps: noticing illness, deciding to get help, and going for treatment. Pain made people act faster, but fear, cost, and life problems caused more delay.
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| show | A 22 year old woman had repeated abscesses and surgeries, evidence showed she caused the abcesses herself.
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| Laba et al (2012) | show 🗑
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| Riekert & Drotar (1999) | show 🗑
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| Chung & Naya (2000) | show 🗑
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| Chaney et al (2004) | show 🗑
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| Yokley & Glenwick (1984) summary | show 🗑
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| Yokley & Glenwick (1984) context | show 🗑
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| Yokley & Glenwick (1984) aim | show 🗑
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| Yokley & Glenwick (1984) sample | show 🗑
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| Yokley & Glenwick (1984) procedure | show 🗑
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| Yokley & Glenwick (1984) findings | show 🗑
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| show | Specific prompts and monetary incentives effectively increased immunisation rates, with incentives providing the biggest short-term boost but being less cost-effective long-term. These findings suggest that targeted reminders and accessible clinics can im
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| show | The study had high population validity due to its large sample size and diverse participants. It used a longitudinal design, measuring both short-term and long-term effects, increasing validity. Accuracy checks ensure reliable data, and the findings have
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| Yokley & Glenwick (1984) limitations | show 🗑
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| show | Case study of Alan, a 32-year old amputee. He felt PLP in his amputated leg, feeling as though his toes were crossed and causing pins and needles. This was successfully treated with stretching exercises and mirror treatment.
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| show | Children assess their pain as being more severe than parents do, and physicians assess it as even less severe than that. This leads to under-use of pain relief given by doctors.
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| Brudvik et al (2016) context | show 🗑
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| show | To assess the level of agreement in pain severity between children, parents and physicians; to see if the child’s age and medical condition affects their pain assessment; and to see how these assessments affect the administration of pain relief for childr
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| show | 243 children (aged 3-15 years, 53% male) who had attended a Norwegian emergency department over a 17-day period.
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| show | Children and parents were asked to rate the pain that the child was facing, using different techniques to make it age-appropriate. 3-8yrs used the FPS-R; 9-15 used the VAS; parents and physicians used the Numeric Rating Scale. Scores were compared.
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| Brudvik et al (2016) findings | show 🗑
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| show | Physicians significantly underestimate pain in children, compared to parents and children. However, this was less likely in children aged 8+.
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| Brudvik et al (2016) strengths | show 🗑
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| show | Use of self-report is vulnerable to demand characteristics and lying; Limited generalisability since it was one department in Norway
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| show | This is an example study that found the link between coronary heart disease and workplace stress with questionnaires and clinical examinations.
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| Wang et al (2005) | show 🗑
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| Evans & Wener (2007) | show 🗑
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| Budzynski et al (1969) | show 🗑
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| show | This study investigated the levels of stress after people receiving a cancer diagnosis due to the symptoms they could experience and the difficulty of the treatments. They tried to investigate to see if reducing stress through muscle relaxation helps thei
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| show | Receiving a diagnosis of cancer can bring a lot of stress to the patient as they worry about the future, Bridge et al wanted to investigate how to reduce this as it is a dangerous add on.
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| show | To find out the effect of relaxation and imagery on stress experienced by cancer patients due to their diagnosis.
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| show | Included 139 women undergoing a six-week course of radiotherapy after being diagnosed with breast cancer. They were all under the age of 70 and attended a hospital in London, United Kingdom.
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| Bridge et al (1988) procedure | show 🗑
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| show | The most improvement was in the relaxation and imagery group, specifically towards the mood of the women. In the control group however, it had worsened.
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| show | The use of relaxation and imagery does help a lot for diagnosed cancer patients and their mood state.
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| show | Use of self-report questionnaire; Lot of quantitative data due to scales; Application to everyday life as it can help to use relaxation and imagery techniques as a treatment in real life
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| show | Good size of sample however all were women therefore lacks generalisability. Use of closed ended questions. Use of self-report questionnaire (bias through self reporting)
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| show | Tested to see how different levels of fear in health messages affects behaviour (high school students heard talks about dental hygiene)
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| show | Tested if giving patients who experienced a heart attack, a self-help manual would help in recovery.
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| Tapper et al (2003) | show 🗑
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| Fox et al (1987) | show 🗑
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| show | Investigated the effect of unrealistic optimism with 2 studies, to understand which factors affect this type of thought process.
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| Seligman | show 🗑
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| Shoshani & Steinmetz (2014) summary | show 🗑
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| Shoshani & Steinmetz (2014) context | show 🗑
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| Shoshani & Steinmetz (2014) aim | show 🗑
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| show | 1,167 students aged 11-14 years from middle schools in Israel. One school was used as the intervention group and the other (matched for demographics) was the control group. Almost all participants were Jewish and from a mix of socioeconomic backgrounds.
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| Shoshani & Steinmetz (2014) procedure | show 🗑
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| show | Students in the intervention group had significant decreases in mental health symptoms, general distress, depression symptoms, anxiety symptoms and interpersonal sensitivity. They showed increases in self-esteem, self-efficacy and optimism. There was no d
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| show | Positive psychology programs can effectively promote adolescent well-being and improve the overall school environment.
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| show | Use of a control group, Large sample, Longitudinal design, ecological validity.
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| Shoshani & Steinmetz (2014) limitations | show 🗑
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