PSYCH 365 Exam #1
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Motivation | show 🗑
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| show | provides mobilizations, strength, intensity, persistence to behavior
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| show | behavior is aimed at a particular or goal
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| show | view that human beings are intrinsically motivated to determine their own lives, shaped by the core needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness
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| Autonomy (Ryan & Deci) | show 🗑
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| Competence (Ryan & Deci) | show 🗑
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| show | socially connecting w/ others
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| show | motivation based on awareness of societal norms regarding this behavior and wish to avoid internal feelings of shame or embarrassment that might arise if you didn’t behave in concordance with these norms
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| show | motivation based on behavior feeling like it is part of one’s identity
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| show | motivation that began with rewards and punishments but is transitioning to a more internalized appreciation of this behavior
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| Regulatory focus theory | show 🗑
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| show | PROMOTE a desired end state (something we want to happen)
ex: find seasonal partner
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| Some motivated behaviors work to... prevent | show 🗑
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| hedonism (early philosophy) | show 🗑
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| Intrinsic motivation | show 🗑
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| show | motivation derived from external rewards or punishments / avoid punishment if I don’t do the thing
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| Rewarding extrinsically motivated behavior | show 🗑
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| show | decreases performance
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| Approach | show 🗑
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| Avoidance | show 🗑
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| Emotion | show 🗑
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| James-Lange Theory | show 🗑
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| Drives | show 🗑
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| Appraisal | show 🗑
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| Overjustification hypothesis | show 🗑
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| show | external rewards/ punishments
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| 4 main aspects of emotion | show 🗑
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| Early philosophy: Hedonism | show 🗑
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| Early 20th Century: Will | show 🗑
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| show | evolutionary perspectives/ survival of the fittest/ selection
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| 1950s: Behaviorism | show 🗑
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| show | roles of expectations/ values / personal understanding of what should/ should not happen
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| show | the importance of culture, emotions, sociality
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| Ryan & Deci’s Self Determination Theory | show 🗑
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| David McClelland’s Theory of Needs (3 motivations) | show 🗑
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| show | striving for excellence
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| 2. Need for affiliation (McClelland theory) | show 🗑
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| 3. Need for power (McClelland theory) | show 🗑
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| show | - Lower needs must be met first in order to achieve the higher point of the pyramid
- The ultimate human need is to self-actualize
- Big criteria is the rigidity of hierarchy of needs
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| Self-actualization | show 🗑
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| Douglas Kenrick’s Fundamental Motives | show 🗑
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| show | model in which emotional feelings from a circle; emotions close to each other on the circle are similar or likely to be experienced at the same time
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| show | model of attitudes, proposing that evaluations of some target’s goodness/ badness are independent rather than opposites
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| show | diffuse, longer-lasting affective state of being not tied to a particular stimulus
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| Basic Emotions Theory (discrete) | show 🗑
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| Component process model (discrete) | show 🗑
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| show | Emotions help us pursue these basic human needs
- internal feelings as well as observable behaviors/ assume that feelings are valid explanations for behavior
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| show | Event → Feeling → Behavior
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| show | emotions are labels we to the way the body reacts to certain situations
Eliciting Event → Physiological Changes & Behaviors → Feeling
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| show | Eliciting event → appraisal → physiological changes/ behaviors → feeling
- Each emotion have their own physiological response
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| Schachter-Singer Theory (1962) (2 factory theory) | show 🗑
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| Modern approaches (ongoing debate) | show 🗑
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| show | emotions are categorically distinct w/ each serving a unique adaptive function
- basic emotions theory
- component process model
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| Dimensional approach | show 🗑
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| Criteria for Basic Emotions (1-2) | show 🗑
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| show | 3. emotions should be evident early in life
4. should be physiologically distinct from one another in the body/ brain
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| show | Emotions are responses to objects / events that take place
Emotions are functional (emotions help us achieve our goals/ help us w/ our motivation)
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| show | Emphasis os on subjective feeling as the defining aspect of emotion, referred to as “Core Affect”
- Eliciting event → valence (pleasantness) or physiological arousal → both go to Feeling (Core affect)
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| show | process by which ppl develop mental concepts linking diff aspects of emotion to each other / to eliciting situations
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| Theories of Emotions have in Common | show 🗑
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| show | causes of some event that are removed in terms of time or process
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| show | causes of some event that are close in terms of time or process
- motivational state is within the body
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| show | hormone produced by fat cells that generally reduces feelings of hunger
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| show | peptide hormone produced by the stomach, as well as other parts of the digestive system/ structures in the brain that generally increases feelings of hunger
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| show | newborn infants turn their head/ begin to suck when something gently touches the corner of their mouth
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| Cue reactivity | show 🗑
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| Core idea of appraisal | show 🗑
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| Arnold’s theory | show 🗑
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| show | arguing that appraisal causes emotions, but is not the emotion; emotions include physiological, motivational, behavioral response
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| Appraisal Theory | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Approach (reward)/ avoidance (punishment)
2. Energy / direction → energy= where we getting this persistence / direct= toward it or away from it
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| show | 3. Neural circuits → same neural circuit / rooted in exact same processes
4. Predispositions to action
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| show | 1. Emotions more focused on the present
2. Motivation tends to be more diffuse, longer-range, focused on the future
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| show | 1. Provide energy component of motivation
2. Serve as feedback on how goals are processing
3. can't talk abt one without the other
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| show | 1. Biological responses
2. reflexes/ instincts
3. conditioning
4. appraisals
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| show | hormones to indicate hunger, tiredness → nothing can get done unless I eat/ hormones are signaling a need for more energy to compensate
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| 2. Reflexes / Instincts | show 🗑
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| show | E.g. smells activating certain feelings; OR Little Albert (fear conditioning)
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| 4. Appraisal | show 🗑
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| Speed of appraisal | show 🗑
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| Speed of appraisal- Preps body for how to respond | show 🗑
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| show | already assessed some level that there is danger
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| show | one has to visual sense that info/ get to a perceptual level to make aware of what im seeing
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| show | showed it so quickly, but already responded to it / there has to be something going on prior to the photo being shown
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| Content of Appraisal (2 Approaches) | show 🗑
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| 1. Core Relational Themes (Lazarus) | show 🗑
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| 2. Appraisal Dimensions (Scherer) | show 🗑
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| show | procedure: participants described personal emotion-eliciting experiences
results: accounted for 34-60% of variability in emotion ratings
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| show | common set of questions used to evaluate the meaning of every stimulus or situation we encounter; appraisal profiles, rather than individual themes, are associated with specific emotions
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| Manipulating Motivation & Emotion (Research Methods) | show 🗑
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| show | vividly recall/ relive a personal experience w/ a strong emotion
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| 2. Scenarios | show 🗑
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| show | view or watch images intended to elicit a particular emotion
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| Limitations to Manipulation (1-2) | show 🗑
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| show | 3. Emotions are weaker when manipulated than real life experience
4. 3 tactics helpful to elicit emotion, but not do a great job with motivation
5. Create a real life event in the moment to induces a given emotion
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| show | 1. Self-report
2. Biological measures
3. Behavioral observations
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| 1. Self-report | show 🗑
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| show | - Easy, fast, cheap to do
- Gives good idea of subjective experiences aspects of emotion (how are you feeling)
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| Cons of self-report | show 🗑
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| show | Measures of neurological or physiological activity that change in response to particular stimuli → observing changes in the body/ brain
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| Pros of biological measures | show 🗑
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| Cons of biological measures | show 🗑
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| show | Observe actions such as facial expression, speech, body language, task performance, or other emotion associated behaviors
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| show | Shows ppl’s responses in a natural/ real world way
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| Cons behavioral observations | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Self-report
2. Biology
3. Behavior
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| Factor 1- Universal / Cultural Variation | show 🗑
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| Factor 2- Universal / Cultural Variation | show 🗑
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| show | Some goals are specific to the person, some are basic human motives
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| show | characteristic/ mutation that is problematic for survival/ reproduction dies out over time
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| Adaptations | show 🗑
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| show | Charles darwin proposed that just like biological traits, psychological traits/ states are part of the human evolutionary heritage
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| show | 1. characteristic increases the probability
2. characteristic increases the number of offspring
3. characteristic increases the probability that your genetic relatives
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| show | Can pursue a goal or feel an emotion at a situationally inappropriate time
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| Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness (EEA) | show 🗑
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| Evolutionary mismatch | show 🗑
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| show | Many theories of motivation are implicitly or explicitly rooted in identifying basic motives that are universal to the human experience
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| show | immediate physiological needs
self-protection
affiliations
status/ esteem
mate acquisition
mate retention
parenting/ kincare
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| Funtionalism | show 🗑
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| Characteristics- Kenrick’s Fundamental Motives | show 🗑
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| show | eliciting event --> appraisal --> emotion --> behavior
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| show | 1. Some emotions are universally experienced
2. Some emotion terms only exist in certain cultures
3. Some goals are specific to the person, some are basic human motives
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| Natural selection | show 🗑
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| Adaptations | show 🗑
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| show | - When a particular motive is actived by a situation
- emotions act as the “fuel” driving actions based on these fundamental motivations
- Emotions helps facilitate basic needs/ motivations
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| show | study of how organisms have evolved over time/ relationships between them --> branches to show how species are related / newer emotions evolved from more archaic ones in response to new selection pressures
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| Culture | show 🗑
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| show | 1. systems of meaning
2. activates or constructs meaning through social participation
3. Shared cultural systems of meaning influence psychological processes in individual
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| show | cultural emphasis on individual uniqueness, personal rights, being true to one’s self, independence from others (EX: US)
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| Collectvism | show 🗑
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| Vertical society | show 🗑
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| Horizontal society | show 🗑
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| show | make the expression of certain emotions more or less appropriate → found competitors from more hierarchical cultures– countries high on power distance– showed stronger displays of triumph
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| How emotion differs by culture | show 🗑
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| show | experience of belonging to two (or more) distinct cultures, including navigating / embracing the values, customs, traditions of both cultures simultaneously
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| Language | show 🗑
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| Weak version of Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis | show 🗑
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| Hypercognized emotions | show 🗑
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| Hypocognized emotions | show 🗑
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| Ideal affect | show 🗑
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| When + Where Emotions are Felt | show 🗑
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| Motivational & Emotional systems are BOTH evolved/ culturally influenced | show 🗑
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| Social functions of emotion | show 🗑
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| show | ways in which emotions directly benefit the reproductive fitness of the individual experiencing the emotion
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| Emotions are “Functional” | show 🗑
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| Functionality | show 🗑
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| Emotions are “Adaptations” | show 🗑
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| Relationship between motivation/ emotion | show 🗑
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| Basic / discrete emotions | show 🗑
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| Core affect | show 🗑
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| show | feeling of pleasurable dependence on another person, like the feeling an infant has toward its mother
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| Cultural priming: | show 🗑
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