Unit 6EarthStructure
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| 1. Mineral | A natural usually inorganic solid that has a characteristic chemical composition and an orderly internal structure.
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| 2. Element | A substance that cannot be separated or broken down into similar substances by chemical means: All atoms of an element have the same atomic number.
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| 3. Atom | The smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of that element.
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| 4. Compound | A substance made of atoms or ions of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds.
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| 5. Matter | Anything that has mass and takes up space.
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| 6. Crystal | Natural solid substance that has a definite geometric shape.
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| 7. Streak | The color of a mineral in powered form.
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| 8. Luster | The way in which a mineral reflects light.
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| 9. Cleavage | In geology, the tendency of a mineral to split along specific planes of weakness to form smooth, flat, surfaces.
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| 10. Weathering | the natural process by which atmospheric and environmental agents, such as wind, rain, and temperature changes, disintegrate and decompose rocks.
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| 11. Erosion | the process by which wind, water, ice, or gravity transports soil and sediment from one location to another
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| 12. Deposition | the process in which material is laid down
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| 13. Igneous rock | rock that forms when magma cools and solidifies
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| 14. Sedimentary rock | a rock that forms from compressed or cemented layers of sediment
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| 15. Metamorphic rock | a rock that forms from other rocks as a result of intense heat, pressure, or chemical processes
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| 16. Rock cycle | the series of processes in which rock forms, changes from one type to another, is destroyed, and forms again by geologic processes
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| 17. Uplift | the rising of regions of the Earth's crust to higher elevations
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| 18. Subsidence | the sinking of regions of the Earth's crust to lower elevations
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| 19. rift zone | A area of deep cracks that forms between two tectonic plates that are pulling away from each other.
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| 20. Crust | The thin and solid outermost layer of Earth above the mantle
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| 21. Mantle | The layer of rock between the Earth's crust and core.
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| 22. Convection | The movement of matter due to differences in density;the transfer of energy due to the movement of matter.
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| 23. Core | the central part of Earth below the mantle
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| 24. Lithosphere | the solid, outer layer of Earth that consists of the crust and the rigid upper part of the mantle.
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| 25. Asthenosphere | the solid, plastic layer of the mantle beneath the lithosphere; made of mantle rock that flows very slowly, which allows tectonic plates to move on top of it.
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| 26. Mesospherre | the strong, lower part of the mantle between the asthenosphere and the outer core.
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| 27. Pangaea | the supercontinent that formed 300 million years ago and that began to break up 200 million years ago.
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| 28. Sea - floor spreading | the processes by which oceanic lithosphere sea floor forms when magma rises to Earth's surface at mid-ocean ridges and solidifies, as older, existingsea foor moves away from the ridge
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| 29. Plate tectonics | the theory that explains how large pieces of the lithosphere, called plates, move and change shape
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| 30. Tectonic plates | a block of lithosphere that consists of the crust and the rigid, outermost part of the mantle.
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| 31. Convergent boundary | the boundary between tectonic plates that are colliding
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| 32. Divergent boundary | the boundary between two tectonic plates that are moving away from each other
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| 33. Transform boundary | the boundary between tectonic plates that are sliding past each other horizontally
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| 34. Convection | The movement of matter due to differences in density;the transfer of energy due to the movement of matter.
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| 35. Deformation | the bending, tilting, and breaking of Earth's crust; the change in the shape of rock in response to stress
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| 36. Folding | the bending of rock layers due to stress
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| 37. Fault | a break in a body of rock along which one block moves relative to another
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| 38. Shear stress | stress that occurs when forces act in parrallel but in opposite directions, pushing parts of a solid in opposite directons
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| 39. Tension | stress that occurs when forces act to strech an object
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| 40. Compression | stress that occurs when forces act to squeeze an object
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| 41. Earthquake | a movement or trembling of the ground tat is caused by a sudden release of energy when rocks along a fault move
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| 42. Focus | the location within Earth along a fault at which the first motion o a earthquake occurs
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| 43. Epicenter | the point on Earth's surface directy above an earthquake's starting point, or focus
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| 44. Tectonic plate boundary | the edge between two or more plates classifed as divergent, converent
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| 45. Elastic rebound | the sudden return of elastically deformed rock to its undeformed shape
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| 46. Volcano | a vent of fissure in Earth's surfave through which magma and gases are expelled
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| 47. Magma | the molten or partially molten rock material containing trapped gases produced under the Earth's surface
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| 48. Lava | magma that that flows onto Earth's surface
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| 49. Vent | an opening at the surface of the Earth through which volcanic material passes
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| 50. Hot spot | a volcanically active area of Earth's surface, commonly far from a tectonic plate boundary
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